3,306 articles
Gastrodia
Gastrodia R.Br. is a genus of about 113 accepted leafless, mycoheterotrophic orchids (Orchidaceae, tribe Gastrodieae) native from tropical Africa to Asia, Australia, and New Zealand; G. elata (Tianma) is a traditional Chinese medicine, and some species bear only closed, self-pollinating flowers.
Gastrodia elata
Gastrodia elata (Tianma, 天麻), a fully mycoheterotrophic orchid of Orchidaceae, depends on Mycena and Armillaria fungi, yields the medicinal tuber Gastrodiae Rhizoma, and is used in Chinese medicine and food.
Gaultheria
Gaultheria is a genus of heath-family shrubs and subshrubs, named by Linnaeus in 1753, whose berry-like fruits and leaves yield wintergreen oil; it includes wintergreen and salal.
Gaultheria shallon
Gaultheria shallon, salal or shallon, an evergreen Ericaceae shrub native from Alaska to California, forming rhizomatous thickets with urn-shaped flowers and edible purple pseudoberries used for food and floral greenery.
Genetically modified maize
Genetically modified maize (GM corn, Bt maize, herbicide-tolerant maize) is Zea mays engineered for herbicide tolerance, Bt insect resistance, or stacked traits; over 90 percent of U.S. corn is GE since 1996.
Genipa
Genipa is a Neotropical tree genus in Rubiaceae with three accepted species, chiefly Genipa americana (jagua, genipap), whose genipin-rich unripe fruit yields a natural blue dye used for body paint, jagua tattoos, and FDA-approved food coloring.
Genista
Genista (woadwaxen) is a Fabaceae genus of yellow-flowered brooms, tribe Genisteae, native from Macaronesia and Europe to the Caucasus, with about 145 accepted species, toxic quinolizidine alkaloids, and the historic dye plant G. tinctoria.
Genisteae
Genisteae (染料木族) is a legume tribe (Faboideae) of brooms, gorses, and lupins, about 25-26 genera and 550-570 species, defined by quinolizidine alkaloids and four major clades including Lupinus and the Cytisus-Genista complex.
Gentiana
Gentiana (gentians) is the largest genus of Gentianaceae, 347-400+ species of blue-flowered herbs of temperate and alpine regions; source of gentian root bitters and iridoid, xanthone, and flavonoid phytochemicals.
Gentiana lutea
Gentiana lutea, yellow gentian or bitterwort, a perennial European mountain herb whose bitter root (Gentianae radix) is used for appetite and digestive complaints, in bitters, and protected under EU Habitats Directive Annex V.
Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae (gentian family), cosmopolitan Gentianales family of about 100 genera and 1,700 species, mostly herbs with tubular contorted corollas, superior ovaries, seco-iridoids, and xanthones; includes Gentiana and Gentianella.
Gentianales
Gentianales (synonym Rubiales), an angiosperm order of lamiid eudicots named by Jussieu ex Berchtold & Presl in 1820, contains five families, Apocynaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae, with about 1,200 genera and 20,000 species including coffee and gentians.
Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae, the geranium family (Geraniales, rosids), includes Geranium, Pelargonium, Erodium, Monsonia, Sarcocaulon, California, and Hypseocharis; herbs and shrubs with five-parted flowers and beaked schizocarp fruits, about 830 species, mainly temperate.
Geraniales
Geraniales is a small order of flowering plants in the rosid clade Malvids, sister to Myrtales, with about 742 species including the geranium family Geraniaceae and its ornamental genera.
Geranium
Geranium (cranesbills) is a genus of about 337 herb species in Geraniaceae, native to temperate and tropical-mountain regions worldwide, with beaked explosive fruits; distinct from Pelargonium, the garden "geranium."
Geranium robertianum
Geranium robertianum, herb Robert or red robin, is a pink-flowered annual or biennial geranium native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, self-seeding explosively up to 6.5 m, rich in phenolics, and a noxious weed in Washington State.
Gerbera
Gerbera is an Asteraceae genus of stemless perennial daisies named for Traugott Gerber, native from Africa to Indo-China; its hybrids, especially from Gerbera jamesonii, are major cut flowers and a floral genetics model.
Germination
Germination: the resumption of seed growth from water uptake to radicle emergence, controlled by the ABA–GA hormone balance, light, temperature, and RONS signaling; tested under ISTA standards for agriculture and restoration.
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a largely tropical Lamiales family of about 150 genera and over 3500 species, defined by pair-flowered cymes; includes African violet, gloxinia, and Streptocarpus.
Geum
Geum (avens) is a genus of perennial herbs in Rosaceae, published by Linnaeus in 1753, with about 46-60 temperate Northern Hemisphere species, hooked two-part styles, and achene heads dispersed by plumose styles.
Geum urbanum
Geum urbanum L. (wood avens, herb bennet) is a perennial Rosaceae herb native from Europe to Central Asia and NW Africa, with small yellow flowers and hooked achenes; its clove-scented eugenol root has traditional medicinal and flavoring uses, and it hybridizes with G. rivale as G. × intermedium.
Ghost pepper
Ghost pepper, also called Bhut Jolokia or Naga Jolokia, is a northeast Indian chili hybrid of C. chinense and C. frutescens measuring 855,000–1,041,427 SHU; Guinness hottest-pepper record holder in 2007 for four years.
Gibberellin
Gibberellins (GAs), tetracyclic diterpenoid plant hormones named after Gibberella fujikuroi, promote stem elongation, germination, and flowering; perceived by GID1 receptors, they trigger DELLA degradation and oppose ABA in seed dormancy.
Gigantochloa
Gigantochloa Kurz ex Munro is a genus of about 71 accepted tropical Asian clumping bamboos (Poaceae), native from S. China to Malesia, with tube-fused stamen filaments, used for construction, crafts, and edible shoots.
Gilia
Gilia (Ruiz & Pav., 1794) is a genus of about 25-39 species of annual herbs in Polemoniaceae, the phlox family, native to western North America and Ecuador to southern South America; taxonomically difficult, partly hybridizing, with ornamental and traditional medicinal uses.
Ginger
Ginger (Zingiber officinale), spice from the plant's rhizome, family Zingiberaceae; native E. Himalaya to S. Central China; pungency from gingerols and shogaols; strongest clinical evidence for pregnancy nausea.
Ginkgo
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba, maidenhair tree, yinxing) is the sole living species of Ginkgoales, a Chinese living fossil tree, Endangered in the wild, with motile-sperm fertilization and leaf extract lacking proven health benefits.
Ginkgo biloba (银杏)
Ginkgo biloba (银杏), the maidenhair tree, sole living species of Ginkgoales: a living-fossil gymnosperm with fan-shaped dichotomously veined leaves, EGb 761 extracts, toxic MPN-containing seeds, and debated dementia evidence.
Ginkgoales
Ginkgoales, an order of gymnosperm seed plants including Ginkgo biloba, the only living species; fossil record from the Permian (~270 Ma), Late Triassic radiation, Jurassic-Early Cretaceous diversity, Laurasian origin, organ-reduction trend.
Ginkgotoxin
Ginkgotoxin (4′-O-methylpyridoxine, MPN) is a vitamin B6 antivitamin in Ginkgo biloba seeds; it inhibits pyridoxal kinase, lowers GABA, and causes vomiting and seizures treated with pyridoxine.