3,306 articles
Fried rice (炒饭)
Fried rice (炒饭, chao fan) is a Chinese-origin stir-fried rice dish dating to the Sui dynasty, best known as Yangzhou fried rice, with regional versions like nasi goreng, khao pad, and chahan, cooked with day-old rice for wok hei flavor.
Fritillaria
Fritillaria (fritillaries), genus of bulbous Liliaceae herbs native from NW Africa and temperate Eurasia to N Myanmar and Alaska to NW Mexico; ~175 species, huge genomes, medicinal bulbs, threatened Himalayan species.
Fruit tree
Fruit tree: woody perennial grown for edible fruit (apple, olive, citrus, mango, banana). Domesticated after grain agriculture in the fourth millennium BC; propagated by grafting scion onto rootstock; key crops in orchards and agroforestry.
Fuchsia
Fuchsia, genus of about 108 flowering plant species in Onagraceae, native from Mexico to tropical South America, New Zealand, and Tahiti; named by Plumier after Leonhart Fuchs; known for pendulous two-tone flowers, edible berries, and thousands of garden hybrids.
Fumaria
Fumaria (fumitories, Erdrauch) is a genus of about 46-54 annual Papaveraceae herbs from Europe to India, with spurred irregular flowers, one-seeded nutlets, isoquinoline alkaloids such as protopine, and traditional medicinal use in Ayurveda, Unani, and European herbal medicine.
Fumaria officinalis
Fumaria officinalis (common fumitory, earth smoke) is an annual Papaveraceae herb native to Europe to the Caucasus, used medicinally; protopine is its main alkaloid and it has an EU herbal monograph.
Fusarium circinatum
Fusarium circinatum, with the sexual form Gibberella circinata, is a fungus causing pine pitch canker, a serious disease of pines and Douglas fir first recorded in 1945.
Gagea
Gagea (yellow stars-of-Bethlehem, goose onion) is a large, taxonomically difficult genus of bulbous Liliaceae herbs native to temperate Eurasia, North Africa, and subalpine North America, with roughly 229 to over 320 species and the former genus Lloydia now merged into it.
Gaillardia
Gaillardia (blanket flower, firewheel) is an Asteraceae genus of about 20-30 species native to North and southern South America, described in 1786, with red-and-yellow heads, the garden hybrid G. x grandiflora, and invasive G. aristata in Hungary.
Galanthus
Galanthus, snowdrops, is a genus of about 19 bulbous Amaryllidaceae species native from Europe to western Asia, flowering in late winter; all species are CITES Appendix II listed, with large wild bulb exports of G. woronowii and G. elwesii.
Galanthus nivalis
Galanthus nivalis, the common snowdrop, is a bulbous perennial of the amaryllis family native to Europe from the Pyrenees to Ukraine, whose nodding white flowers appear in late winter and early spring.
Galeopsis
Galeopsis L. (hemp-nettle) is a genus of about 10 annual herbs in the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to temperate Eurasia, placed in tribe Galeopsideae, with frequent hybridization and traditional medicinal uses.
Galinsoga
Galinsoga (gallant soldiers) is a genus of 12 accepted annual Asteraceae herbs native to tropical and subtropical America, established by Ruiz and Pavon in 1794; its weedy species G. parviflora and G. quadriradiata are invasive worldwide and used as food and medicine.
Galinsoga parviflora
Galinsoga parviflora, gallant soldier or quickweed (guascas), an annual Asteraceae herb native to tropical America, a cosmopolitan weed of crops, distinguished from G. quadriradiata by sparse hairs and blunt pappus tips, and eaten as a cooked vegetable.
Galium
Galium (bedstraws, cleavers) is a cosmopolitan genus of about 500-670 species of Rubiaceae herbs with whorled leaves, four-angled stems, small four-merous flowers, and two-lobed fruits; type species G. aparine.
Galium aparine
Galium aparine, cleavers or catchweed bedstraw (stickywilly), is a hooked-hair annual climbing herb of Rubiaceae, a widespread temperate weed of crops and gardens with bur-like fruits, edible and folk-medicinal uses, and invasive status in Argentina.
Galium mollugo
Galium mollugo (smooth bedstraw, hedge bedstraw, false baby's breath), a perennial Rubiaceae herb native to Europe to Siberia and North Africa, invasive in North American hayfields and pastures, regulated as a Canadian Secondary Noxious weed seed.
Galium odoratum
Galium odoratum (sweet woodruff, Waldmeister), a Rubiaceae perennial of temperate Eurasia, is a shade ground cover with whorled leaves and coumarin-scented dried foliage used to flavor German May wine.
Galium verum
Galium verum (lady's bedstraw), perennial Rubiaceae herb of temperate Eurasia and NW Africa; type species of Galium, golden-yellow flowers, whorled leaves, traditional dye, milk-coagulation, and diuretic uses.
Gall
Gall: an abnormal plant growth induced by another organism, most often insects or mites via feeding or egg-laying chemicals; also bacteria, fungi, nematodes, viruses. Provides shelter and nutrition to the inducer; usually harmless to plant health.
Gall adelgid
Gall adelgids, spruce-gall-forming Adelgidae such as Adelges abietis and A. cooleyi, are 65-species aphid relatives with cyclical parthenogenesis, spruce-to-conifer host alternation, and species-specific pineapple or strawberry galls.
Gametophyte
Gametophyte: the haploid, gamete-producing multicellular generation of plants, alternating with the diploid sporophyte. Dominant in bryophytes, independent in ferns and lycophytes, reduced to a few cells in seed plants such as pollen.
Ganja
Ganja: Hindi/Sanskrit term for cannabis, specifically dried female flower tops; brought to Jamaica by Indian indentured laborers in 1845, sacred to Rastafari, decriminalized there in 2015.
Garcia
Garcia (Vahl ex Rohr, 1792) is a two-species genus of Euphorbiaceae shrubs and trees native from Mexico to Brazil, including Garcia nutans (false tungoiltree), whose oil-rich seeds are used medicinally and studied as a drying oil.
Garcinia
Garcinia (Clusiaceae, Malpighiales) is a pantropical genus of latex-bearing dioecious trees and shrubs, first published by Linnaeus in 1753, with hundreds of species including the mangosteen, kokum, and gamboge-yielding plants.
Garcinia indica
Garcinia indica (kokum), Western Ghats endemic tree of Clusiaceae; dried rind used as souring agent, seeds yield kokum butter; contains hydroxycitric acid and garcinol; IUCN vulnerable.
Garcinia kola
Garcinia kola (bitter kola, false kola) is a Clusiaceae tree of West and Central Africa whose resin-rich seeds are chewed and used in folk medicine; its compounds show animal-model pharmacology but no confirmed human clinical efficacy.
Gardenia
Gardenia, a genus of about 120 accepted species of fragrant shrubs in Rubiaceae named for Alexander Garden; best known species Gardenia jasminoides, source of gardenia yellow colorant.
Gardenia jasminoides
Gardenia jasminoides (Cape jasmine), a Rubiaceae shrub native from the East Himalaya to China, Indo-China, and Japan, grown for fragrant flowers; its dried fruit Zhizi yields crocins and iridoid glycosides used in traditional Chinese medicine and as a yellow colorant.
Garlic
Garlic (Allium sativum), a Central Asian Allium crop grown from cloves and led in production by China; its crushed-tissue chemistry yields allicin, studied for modest cholesterol and blood pressure effects.