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Gymnema sylvestre
Gymnema sylvestre (gurmar), an Apocynaceae liana native to the Old World tropics; its gymnemic acids block the human sweet receptor T1R2+T1R3 for 30-60 minutes and it is studied, so far in low-quality trials, for blood glucose lowering.
Gymnocarpium
Gymnocarpium, also known as the oak ferns, is a small genus of ferns with delicate triangular fronds, native to temperate forests across the Northern Hemisphere and northwestern Africa.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Gymnocarpium dryopteris, oak fern or northern oak fern, is a small circumboreal deciduous fern with triangular, ternate fronds under 40 cm and naked round sori; an allotetraploid of G. appalachianum × G. disjunctum, indicator of cool moist forests.
Gymnosperm
Gymnosperms (naked-seed plants): cycads, Ginkgo, conifers, and gnetophytes; seeds exposed on cones, not in fruits. About 1,100 species, mid-Devonian origin, Mesozoic dominance, taiga ecology, high extinction risk.
Gymnosporangium
Gymnosporangium, a genus of rust fungi (Pucciniales) causing cedar-apple rust, alternates between juniper/Cupressaceae telial hosts and apple-tribe (Maleae) aecial hosts; now placed in Gymnosporangiaceae, with over 64 species and a 24-month two-host life cycle.
Gynerium sagittatum
Gynerium sagittatum (wild cane, caña flecha, caña brava) is a giant Neotropical Poaceae grass from Mexico to tropical America; its fiber weaves the Colombian sombrero vueltiao and reinforces composites, and it is a high invasion risk in Florida.
Gynoecium
Gynoecium: the female reproductive whorl of a flower, made of one or more carpels (stigma, style, ovary). Apocarpous carpels are free, syncarpous fused; it becomes the fruit.
Gynostemma pentaphyllum
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (jiaogulan, Amachazuru), a Cucurbitaceae climbing herb native to Asia, consumed as tea; contains gypenoside saponins related to ginsenosides, studied for glucose and lipid effects.
Gynura
Gynura (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), also spelled Compositae, is a paleotropical herb genus of about 58 species used as vegetables, ornamentals, and herbal medicines, but some species contain hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids causing HSOS.
Gypsophila
Gypsophila (baby's-breath), genus of about 150 Caryophyllaceae herbs native to Eurasia and North Africa; G. paniculata is a noxious invasive tumbleweed in North American dunes, and the genus is rich in saponins and other medicinal compounds.
Gypsophila paniculata
Gypsophila paniculata, commonly known as baby's breath, is a perennial herb in the carnation family, native from east-central Europe to western Mongolia and grown worldwide as a cut flower for its tiny white flowers.
Habanero
Habanero, a cultivar group of Capsicum chinense from the Amazon Basin, is a very hot chili at 100,000–350,000 SHU with fruity aroma, domesticated over 6,000 years, centered in Mexico's Yucatán.
Habenaria
Habenaria, also called bog orchids, a large genus of about 600 to over 800 terrestrial tuberous orchids, pantropical to southern Siberia, polyphyletic in current phylogenies and split into Asian-Australian and African-American-Asian clades.
Habushu (ハブ酒)
Habushu (ハブ酒), or habu sake, is an Okinawan liqueur of awamori rice spirit with a habu pit viper (Protobothrops flavoviridis) inside; venom is denatured by ethanol, tradition from Chinese snake wine via Ryukyu trade.
Hagenia abyssinica
Hagenia abyssinica (kosso, African redwood), sole species of the monotypic Rosaceae genus Hagenia, is a dioecious Afromontane tree from Eritrea to Zambia whose dried female flowers are a traditional Ethiopian tapeworm remedy; IUCN Least Concern but endangered in Ethiopia.
Halocarpus
Halocarpus (monoao, pink pine, bog pine) is a genus of three New Zealand endemic podocarps segregated from Dacrydium by Quinn in 1982, in the Prumnopityoid clade, with inverted epimatium-enclosed seeds and aril-like collars.
Halophyte
Halophyte: salt-tolerant plant surviving at about 200 mM NaCl or more; also called salt-loving plants, contrasted with glycophytes. About 1% of flora; tolerate salt via vacuolar ion compartmentalization, compatible solutes, and salt glands.
Haloxyfop
Haloxyfop (haloxyfop-P, haloxyfop-R methyl ester) is an aryloxyphenoxypropionate, ACCase-inhibiting herbicide controlling grass weeds in broadleaf crops; the R-enantiomer is active, and EU approval ended in 2020.
Haloxylon
Haloxylon (saxaul) is a genus of about 12 Amaranthaceae shrubs and small trees of saline and arid deserts from Spain and North Africa to Central Asia and Mongolia, used for sand fixation, fodder, fuel, and medicine.
Haloxylon ammodendron
Haloxylon ammodendron (saxaul, saxoul), an Amaranthaceae C4 xero-halophytic desert shrub from Iran to Mongolia and N. & W. China; groundwater-dependent phreatophyte, IUCN Least Concern, widely planted for sand fixation and windbreaks.
Hamamelidaceae
Hamamelidaceae, the witch-hazel family, is a Saxifragales family of trees and shrubs with 27 accepted genera and roughly 100-120 species, woody capsules with ballistic seed dispersal, and an East Asian diversity center; Hamamelis yields witch hazel astringent.
Hamamelis
Hamamelis is a genus of five deciduous shrub species, the witch-hazels, native to eastern North America and East Asia. H. virginiana is the source of medicinal witch hazel.
Hamamelis virginiana
Hamamelis virginiana, known as witch hazel or American witch-hazel, is a North American shrub that flowers in autumn and is the source of witch hazel water.
Haplomitriopsida
Haplomitriopsida is the earliest-diverging class of liverworts (Marchantiophyta), sister to all others, containing Haplomitrium, Treubia, and Apotreubia in orders Calobryales and Treubiales, about 18 species with plesiomorphic traits.
Haplopappus
Haplopappus, known in Spanish as bailahuén, is a genus of about 75 species of flowering plants in the daisy family, native mainly to Chile and used in Andean traditional medicine.
Hard pines (subgenus Pinus)
Hard pines, also called yellow pines or diploxylon pines, are one of the two subgenera of the genus Pinus, defined by two vascular bundles per needle.
Hardwood
Hardwood: wood of angiosperm (broadleaf, flowering) trees, as opposed to softwood from conifers. Defined by vessel elements (pores), not hardness; balsa is a hardwood. Used for flooring, furniture; stores carbon.
Hardy garden ferns
Hardy garden ferns are fern species that survive frosts outdoors without protection, returning each spring from crowns or rhizomes; most prefer shade and moist, humus-rich soil.
Hass avocado
The Hass avocado is a commercial avocado cultivar, patented in 1935, that grew from a chance seedling planted by Rudolph Hass in La Habra Heights, California, in 1926.
Hawaiian hibiscus
Hawaiian hibiscus (aloalo) are the roughly six native Hibiscus species of Hawaii, including fragrant white kokiʻo keʻokeʻo (Hibiscus arnottianus, H. waimeae) and the endangered yellow state flower maʻo hau hele (Hibiscus brackenridgei).