72,234 articles
Microbiological analysis
Microbiological analysis detects, identifies, and quantifies microorganisms in food, water, environmental, and clinical samples using culture, microscopy, immunoassay, PCR, and metagenomic methods, governed by standards such as ISO/TC 34/SC 9 and CDC biosafety guidance.
Microbiological culture
Microbiological culture grows microbes on nutrient media to isolate, identify, and susceptibility-test pathogens. Rooted in Pasteur's 1860 broth and Koch's agar plate technique, it remains the gold standard for viable isolates and phenotypic AST despite molecular rivals.
Microbiological Techniques
Microbiological techniques: laboratory methods to detect, culture, identify, and study microorganisms, from microscopy, Gram stain, and pure-culture methods to 16S rRNA sequencing, metagenomics, PCR, and automated clinical diagnostics.
Microbiology
Microbiology: the study of microorganisms, bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protozoa. Founded after van Leeuwenhoek's 1675 observations and Pasteur's 1857 fermentation work; over 99% of environmental microbes remain unculturable.
Microbiome
Microbiome: the community of microorganisms in a defined habitat plus their theatre of activity (genes, metabolites, environment). Term from Whipps 1988, redefined by Berg 2020; distinct from microbiota; central to health, agrifood, and bioremediation research.
Microbiota
Microbiota: the full collection of microbes (bacteria, fungi, viruses) in a given niche such as the human body; also called the microbiome. Key facts: site-specific communities, acquired at birth, studied via 16S rRNA and metagenomics, characterized by the NIH Human Microbiome Project (2007), and used therapeutically in FDA-approved fecal microbiota products for recurrent C. difficile.
Microbotryomycetes
Microbotryomycetes is a class of Basidiomycota fungi in Pucciniomycotina, proposed by Bauer et al. 2006, with orders Microbotryales, Sporidiobolales, Leucosporidiales, and Heterogastridiales, including anther-smut Microbotryum and yeasts.
Microbubbles
Microbubbles are 1–10 µm gas-filled, lipid- or albumin-shelled intravenous contrast agents for ultrasound (CEUS), used in echocardiography and liver lesion characterization; distinct from CT/MRI agents, they stay intravascular, clear via the lungs, and carry no nephrotoxicity.
Microcebus murinus
Microcebus murinus, the gray mouse lemur (lesser mouse lemur), a ~60 g nocturnal primate of Madagascar's dry western forests; type species of a cryptic radiation revised to 19 species in 2024; IUCN Least Concern and an emerging primate model organism.
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II
MOPDII, or Majewski osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II, is a rare autosomal recessive PCNT-related skeletal dysplasia with extreme short stature, microcephaly, abnormal teeth, insulin resistance, and global vascular disease including moyamoya and aneurysms.
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism types I and III
MOPD types I and III, or Taybi-Linder syndrome, a severe autosomal recessive primordial dwarfism from RNU4ATAC minor-spliceosome mutations on 2q14.2, causing microcephaly, brain malformations, skeletal dysplasia, and life expectancy often under 12 months.
Microcephaly
Microcephaly: head circumference more than 2 SD below the mean for age and sex, from genetic, infectious (TORCH, Zika), or environmental causes; no cure, supportive therapy only.
Microcephaly-capillary malformation syndrome
Microcephaly-capillary malformation syndrome, also called MIC-CAP syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by STAMBP gene mutations, marked by small head size at birth, widespread skin capillary malformations, and intractable epilepsy.
Microcephaly-cardiomyopathy syndrome
Microcephaly-cardiomyopathy syndrome, or Winship-Viljoen-Leary syndrome (OMIM 251220), is an autosomal recessive disorder combining severe microcephaly, intellectual deficit, and dilated cardiomyopathy, described in a handful of patients.
Microcephaly-congenital cataract-psoriasiform dermatitis syndrome
Microcephaly-congenital cataract-psoriasiform dermatitis syndrome, also known as SMO deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of cholesterol metabolism caused by mutations in the MSMO1 gene.
Microchaetus rappi
Microchaetus rappi, the African giant earthworm (Microchaetidae), is South Africa's Eastern Cape earthworm and the longest earthworm on record: a 1967 specimen measured 6.7 m, versus an average near 1.4–1.8 m.
Microcheilia
Microcheilia (ICD-11 LA54, ICD-10-CM Q18.7), also called congenital microcheilia or thin lips, is a congenital facial anomaly of below-normal lip size from failed antenatal lip development, distinct from macrocheilia.
Microchimerism
Microchimerism: rare foreign cells, usually fetal cells in the mother or maternal cells in the child, acquired during pregnancy, nursing, transfusion, or transplant, persisting for decades and studied in autoimmunity, cancer, and tissue repair.
Microchip implant (animal)
Microchip implant (animal): passive RFID transponder, ISO 11784/11785, injected under skin or in ear tags and boluses, giving pets and livestock a permanent unique ID for traceability and travel.
Microchip implant (human)
Human microchip implant: subdermal RFID/NFC transponder for identification, access control, payment, and medical data. First implanted in Kevin Warwick on 24 August 1998; VeriChip FDA-approved 2004; passive, battery-free, rice-sized glass tag.
Micrococcaceae
Micrococcaceae: bacterial family in Micrococcales, Actinomycetota, type genus Micrococcus; once included Staphylococcus, now a redefined high G+C family with Kocuria, Arthrobacter, Rothia.
Micrococcus
Micrococcus, a genus of high G+C Gram-positive cocci (Cohn 1872) in Micrococcaceae, found in soil, fresh water, and skin; split in 1995 so only M. luteus and M. lylae remain.
Micrococcus luteus
Micrococcus luteus, formerly Micrococcus lysodeikticus, is a yellow-pigmented, spherical, Gram-positive bacterium that lives on human skin and in soil; Alexander Fleming used it in 1922 to demonstrate lysozyme.
Microconidium
Microconidium (plural microconidia): the smaller of two conidial spore types produced by fungi that also form macroconidia, often functioning as spermatia. Known from Fusarium, Neurospora, Histoplasma, and Magnaporthe; size, shape, and arrangement aid species identification.
Microcotyle
Microcotyle (van Beneden & Hesse, 1863) is a species-rich genus of microcotylid monogenean flatworms, gill parasites of marine teleost fish, with two rows of clamps and notoriously difficult, partly cryptic taxonomy.
Microcycas
Microcycas, palma corcho, is a monotypic Cuban cycad genus whose single species Microcycas calocoma, endemic to Pinar del Río, is Critically Endangered, has the largest known cycad ovulate cone, and is closest to Zamia.
Microcystic stromal tumor
Microcystic stromal tumor (MST), a rare usually benign ovarian stromal tumor first described by Irving and Young in 2009, defined by microcysts, solid areas, fibrous stroma, CTNNB1 mutations, and CD10/β-catenin positivity.
Microcystin
Microcystins are a family of more than 250 cyclic heptapeptide liver toxins produced by cyanobacteria during blooms, named after Microcystis aeruginosa and first characterized in the early 1980s.
Microcystis
Microcystis is a genus of buoyant, colony-forming freshwater cyanobacteria whose summer blooms dominate eutrophic lakes and can produce microcystins, liver toxins of global water-quality concern.
Microcytic anemia
Microcytic anemia: anemia with small red cells, MCV under 80 fL in adults. Main causes are iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia trait, anemia of inflammation, sideroblastic anemia, and lead toxicity; ferritin is the first diagnostic test.