Life and health

C-5 sterol desaturase

C-5 sterol desaturase (SC5D, ERG3, EC 1.14.21.6) is a membrane-bound, iron- and oxygen-dependent enzyme inserting the C5(6) double bond into Δ7-sterols, converting lathosterol to 7-dehydrocholesterol in cholesterol biosynthesis; mutations cause lathosterolosis and fungal ERG3 loss confers azole resistance.

C-643

C-643 (C643, CVCL_5969) is a human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell line from a 76-year-old male, established by Nils-Erik Heldin's Uppsala laboratory; HRAS G13R, TP53 R248Q, TERT promoter mutant, BRAF wild type, doubling time 23 hours.

C-CAR039 (CD19/CD20 CAR-T)

C-CAR039 (prizloncabtagene autoleucel, Prizlon-cel, JNJ-90014496) is an autologous bispecific CD19/CD20 CAR-T therapy for relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma, developed by AbelZeta (formerly CBMG), licensed to Janssen for $245 million in 2023, with 91.5% ORR in Phase 1 and rights returned to AbelZeta in 2026.

C-CAR066 (CD20 CAR-T)

C-CAR066, an autologous fully human anti-CD20 CAR-T therapy from AbelZeta Pharma (formerly CBMG), licensed to Janssen in 2023 for $245M upfront; phase 1 in post-CD19 CAR-T relapsed/refractory LBCL showed 92.9% ORR, 57.1% CR, no ICANS.

C-glycoside deglycosidase beta subunit

C-glycoside deglycosidase beta subunit (CGDB, Pfam PF19906, DgpB/CarC) is the beta-sandwich partner subunit of bacterial metal-dependent CGD enzymes that cleave C-C bonds of 3-oxo C-glycosides, binding substrate at the alpha/beta interface.

C-Jun N-terminal kinases

c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK1, JNK2, JNK3), also called SAPKs, are MAPK-family Ser/Thr kinases activated by MKK4/MKK7 dual phosphorylation after stress or cytokine stimuli, phosphorylating c-Jun and nearly 100 other substrates.

C-peptide

C-peptide (connecting peptide), a 31-amino-acid cleavage product of proinsulin, is secreted equimolar with insulin and serves as the standard biomarker of endogenous insulin secretion, used to classify diabetes, evaluate hypoglycemia and insulinoma, and as a trial surrogate endpoint.

C-R-HDMTX trial

C-R-HDMTX (NCT04516655) is a phase 2, single-arm Fudan University trial of chidamide, rituximab, and high-dose methotrexate for untreated primary CNS lymphoma, reporting 89% overall response and 78% complete response in ten enrolled patients.

C-Raf

C-Raf (RAF1, Raf-1, CRAF) is a human serine/threonine MAP3K kinase at 3p25.2 acting downstream of Ras, phosphorylating MEK1/2 to activate ERK1/2; linked to Noonan syndrome 5, cancer, and RAF inhibitor paradoxical activation.

C-reactive protein

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a pentraxin acute-phase protein made by hepatocytes, discovered in 1930 by Tillett and Francis; blood levels rise within 12–24 hours of inflammation and hsCRP above 3 mg/L marks cardiovascular inflammatory risk.

Oct 20, 2026

C-STRIDE study

C-STRIDE (Chinese Cohort Study of Chronic Kidney Disease) is China's first national prospective CKD cohort: about 3,000 adults with stages 1-4 CKD at 39 centers, followed for renal, cardiovascular, and mortality outcomes.

C-terminal binding protein

C-terminal binding protein (CtBP; CTBP1/CTBP2) is an NAD(H)-binding animal transcriptional corepressor descended from dehydrogenases, recruited via PXDLS motifs to repress development, EMT, and cancer genes.

C-terminal Src kinase

C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) is a 50 kDa non-receptor tyrosine kinase, encoded by the human CSK gene, that switches off Src-family kinases and is linked to cancer and immune disorders.

C-type lectin domain-containing protein

C-type lectin domain-containing proteins (CTLDcps) carry C-type lectin-like domains, a 110–140 aa double-loop fold; over 1,000 animal members, mostly non-lectins, binding sugars, proteins, lipids, or ice.

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are myeloid pattern recognition receptors with C-type lectin domains; Dectin-1 recognizes fungal β-glucan, and CLRs shape antifungal Th1/Th17 immunity, vaccine adjuvants, and CAR-T therapies.

Oct 20, 2026

C-type lectin-like

Carbohydrate-binding type-2 domain, the C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD/CRD), a 110–130 aa Ca2+-dependent sugar-binding protein module with EPN/QPD specificity motifs, found in over 1000 proteins, many of which bind non-carbohydrate ligands.

C-X-C motif chemokine 16 domain

C-X-C motif chemokine 16 domain (CXCL16 chemokine domain, SR-PSOX): the N-terminal receptor-binding domain of the transmembrane chemokine CXCL16, which binds CXCR6 and scavenger receptor ligands through overlapping motifs and is shed by ADAM10 as soluble CXCL16.

Oct 22, 2026

C–H activation via metal-nitrenoid insertion in enzymes

C–H activation via metal-nitrenoid insertion in enzymes is a biocatalytic strategy where engineered heme enzymes form metal-bound nitrenoids that aminate otherwise inert carbon–hydrogen bonds directly.

C. B. van Niel

C. B. van Niel, born Cornelis Bernardus van Niel (1897–1985), was a Dutch-American microbiologist who discovered bacterial photosynthesis and taught for decades at Stanford's Hopkins Marine Station.

C. C. Miller

C. C. Miller (Charles C. Miller, 1831–1920) was an American physician-turned-commercial beekeeper of Marengo, Illinois, author of Fifty Years Among the Bees, inventor of the Miller Feeder and Miller Method of queen rearing, and namesake of the Miller apicultural library at Wisconsin.

C. Clark Cockerham

C. Clark Cockerham was an American quantitative geneticist at North Carolina State University whose variance-partitioning theory and 1984 Weir–Cockerham estimators remain widely used in population genetics.

Oct 10, 2026

C. D. Darlington

C. D. Darlington, born Cyril Dean Darlington, was a British cytologist and geneticist who founded modern cytogenetics, directed the John Innes Institute, and led British opposition to Lysenko.

C. Daniel Salzman

C. Daniel Salzman is a neuroscientist and psychiatrist, Professor of Neuroscience and Psychiatry at Columbia University, known for microstimulation studies of perceptual decisions and amygdala value encoding.

Sep 20, 2026

C. David Naylor

C. David Naylor is a Canadian physician-scientist and health-services researcher who founded ICES, was dean of medicine at Toronto, and served as its 15th president from 2005 to 2013.

C. Erec Stebbins

C. Erec Stebbins is an American biomedical scientist and novelist who studies bacterial virulence, heading a structural biology division at the German Cancer Research Center since 2016.

C. Everett Koop

C. Everett Koop (1916–2013), pioneering pediatric surgeon-in-chief at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and 13th U.S. Surgeon General (1981–1989) under Reagan, known for the 1986 AIDS report, the 107-million-household Understanding AIDS mailing, and anti-tobacco reports.