Life and health

C2 domain

C2 domain: a ~120-140 residue calcium-binding protein module first found in protein kinase C; eight-stranded beta-sandwich with three calcium-binding loops that targets signaling proteins to membranes.

C2BBe1

C2BBe1 (Caco-2/BBe 1) is a 1988 clone of the Caco-2 colon adenocarcinoma cell line forming a polarized brush-border monolayer, used in drug transport, toxicology, and intestine-on-chip models (ATCC CRL-2102).

C2C12

C2C12 (CVCL_0188) is an immortalized mouse myoblast cell line subcloned from the 1977 C2 line of Yaffe and Saxel; it differentiates into contractile myotubes within 72 hours of serum withdrawal and is a standard model for myogenesis, insulin resistance, and muscle disease modeling.

C3-convertase

C3-convertase (C4b2a classical/lectin; C3bBb alternative) is the complement system's central serine protease, cleaving C3 into C3a and C3b; EC 3.4.21.43, tightly regulated and a key drug target.

C3b

C3b is the 177-kDa major opsonin fragment of complement C3, formed by convertase cleavage, attaching covalently via a thioester, fueling the alternative pathway amplification loop, and targeted by drugs such as pegcetacoplan and CG001.

C3H/An

C3H/An (C3H Andervont) is an inbred substrain of the C3H laboratory mouse, descended from Strong's 1920 Bagg albino × DBA cross; known for high female mammary tumor incidence, moderate hepatoma rates, and as the source of L-cell, A9, and McCoy cell lines.

C3H/Crgl

C3H/Crgl is an inbred laboratory mouse strain of the C3H family, MGI:2163028, descended from Strong's 1920 Bagg albino by DBA cross; Crgl is its substrain code, with a related C3H/2Crgl mammary tumor model.

C3H/He

C3H/He is a widely distributed substrain of the C3H inbred laboratory mouse, developed by Strong in 1920, fixed for retinal degeneration (Pde6b rd1), prone to mammary tumors and hepatomas; C3H/HeJ carries the Tlr4 LPS-response mutation.

C3H/HeJ

C3H/HeJ (C3H Heston) is an inbred mouse strain homozygous for the Tlr4 Lps-d mutation (Pro712His), making it LPS/endotoxin tolerant yet highly susceptible to Gram-negative infection; derived from C3H/He in 1947.

C3H/HeN

C3H/HeN (C3Hf/HeN) is an NIH-derived inbred substrain of the C3H laboratory mouse, TLR4 competent (LPS-normal) unlike C3H/HeJ, agouti, H2-k, retinal degeneration (Pde6b rd1), used in oncology, infection, and toxicology research.

C3H/St

C3H/St is a substrain of the C3H inbred laboratory mouse strain, the Strong-maintained branch of Strong's 1920 Bagg albino × DBA cross, marked by high liver glucuronidase activity, five lumbar vertebrae, and use in mammary tumour research.

C3HeB

C3HeB (C3HeB/Fe, C3HeB/FeJ, TC3H) is a C3H-derived inbred mouse strain created in 1948 by Fekete via embryo transfer to C57BL/6, free of mammary tumour virus and uniquely tuberculosis-susceptible among C3H substrains.

C3HeB/FeJ

C3HeB/FeJ (Kramnik mouse) is an inbred mouse strain, JAX:000658, susceptible to tuberculosis via the sst1 locus, developing caseous, hypoxic, necrotic lung granulomas unlike BALB/c or C57BL/6.

C4 carbon fixation

C4 carbon fixation is a photosynthetic pathway, first modeled by Hatch and Slack in 1966, that concentrates CO2 around Rubisco via four-carbon acids in Kranz anatomy; it evolved independently at least 60 times and boosts efficiency in warm climates.

C5

Complement component 5 (C5) is a plasma protein of innate immunity; cleavage into C5a and C5b drives inflammation and membrane attack complex formation, and C5 is the target of approved complement inhibitors.

C5-convertase

C5-convertase (C4b2b3b or C3b2Bb) is a complement serine protease complex formed when C3b binds a C3 convertase; it cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b, triggering the membrane-attack complex, and is targeted by eculizumab.

C57BL

C57BL, also called Black 6 or B6 (C57BL/6), is an inbred laboratory mouse strain created in 1921 by C.C. Little from Abbie Lathrop's stock; the most used mouse strain and reference genome background.

C57BL/10

C57BL/10 (B10) is an inbred black laboratory mouse strain split from C57BL/6 before 1937, maintained at The Jackson Laboratory, used mainly in inflammation, immunology, and H2 congenic research, with distinct behavioral and immune traits from B6.

C57BL/6J

C57BL/6J (B6J, Black 6) is the Jackson Laboratory inbred mouse strain, sequenced as the reference mouse genome, carrying an Nnt exon 7-11 deletion that impairs glucose tolerance and distinguishes it from C57BL/6N.

C57BL/6N

C57BL/6N (B6N) is an NIH-derived inbred substrain of the C57BL/6 laboratory mouse, established in 1951, used by the International Knockout Mouse Consortium; it differs genetically and phenotypically from C57BL/6J, notably in Nnt, glucose tolerance, and behavior.

C57BR

C57BR (C57BR/cdJ, JAX 000667) is a brown inbred laboratory mouse strain from C.C. Little's 1921 cross that also produced C57BL and C57L; known for DEN-induced liver tumor susceptibility, atherosclerosis susceptibility, and strong avoidance learning.

C57L/J

C57L/J (C57 Leaden, leaden) is a Jackson Laboratory inbred mouse strain derived in 1933 from an Mlph coat-color mutation in an extinct C57BR sub-strain; genome sequenced at 40x in 2014; used for gallstone, atherosclerosis, and radiation lung injury models.

C58/J

C58/J (JAX:000669, MGI:2159755) is an inbred mouse strain derived in 1921, used as a high-leukemia cancer model and as a natural model of autism-like low sociability, hyperactivity, and jumping/back-flipping stereotypy versus C57BL/6J.

C5a peptidase-like domain

C5a peptidase-like domain (InterPro IPR034216): conserved subtilisin-like serine protease domain of streptococcal C5a peptidase ScpA/ScpB, which cleaves human C5a at His67-Lys68 to evade complement.

C6/36

C6/36 (ATCC CRL-1660) is a cloned Aedes albopictus mosquito cell line from larval cells, Dicer-2/RNAi deficient, grown at 28 degrees C, and widely used to isolate and propagate dengue, chikungunya, and other arboviruses.

C9orf72

C9orf72, or chromosome 9 open reading frame 72, is a human gene on chromosome 9 whose GGGGCC repeat expansion, identified in 2011, is the most common genetic cause of ALS.

Ca Ski

Ca Ski (also CaSki) is a human cervical cancer cell line established in 1977 that carries HPV16 DNA and is widely used in cervical cancer research.

CA1 pyramidal cell

CA1 pyramidal cell: principal projection neuron of hippocampal field CA1 (cornu ammonis 1), receiving Schaffer collateral and entorhinal inputs, providing the hippocampus's major output, acting as place cells, and showing strong dendritic and developmental heterogeneity.

CA19-9

CA19-9 (carbohydrate antigen 19-9, sialyl Lewis a) is a blood tumor marker for pancreatic, gallbladder, bile duct, and gastric cancers, used mainly to monitor treatment; cutoff <37 U/mL; unreliable in Lewis-negative people and jaundice.