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Ca2+ activated K+ channels
Ca2+ activated K+ channels (KCa channels; SK, IK, BK subfamilies) are potassium channels opened by intracellular calcium, hyperpolarizing the membrane to limit Ca2+ influx; apamin blocks SK, charybdotoxin blocks IK.
CA3 pyramidal cell
CA3 pyramidal cell: principal excitatory neuron of hippocampal CA3, also called cornu ammonis 3 pyramidal neuron. Defined by ~12,000 recurrent collateral synapses per rat cell, mossy fiber input, Schaffer collateral output to CA1, burst firing, and roles in pattern completion and memory.
CA46
CA46 (CA-46, CVCL_1101, ATCC CRL-1648) is an EBV-negative human Burkitt lymphoma cell line from a male patient's ascites, carrying t(8;14) MYC-IGH fusion and homozygous TP53 p.Arg248Gln, secreting IgM kappa.
CA9
CA9, also known as CAIX, is a human gene on chromosome 9 encoding carbonic anhydrase IX, a tumor-associated enzyme found in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma.
Ca9-22
Ca9-22 (CVCL_1102, JCRB0625, RCB1976) is a human gingival squamous cell carcinoma cell line established by Horikoshi from a 43-year-old Japanese male; EGF-receptor rich, TP53 p.Arg248Trp, some stocks contaminated with MSK-922.
CAAX prenyl protease 2, eukaryotes
CAAX prenyl protease 2, eukaryotes (Rce1, FACE-2, Type II CAAX prenyl endopeptidase) is an ER intramembrane glutamate-dependent protease that removes the -AAX tripeptide from prenylated CAAX proteins such as Ras; identified in yeast in 1997, structurally distinct from Ste24.
CabACC trial
CabACC (NCT03257891) is a phase II, single-arm, open-label Italian trial of cabazitaxel 25 mg/m2 every 3 weeks, maximum 6 cycles, as second/third-line therapy for advanced adrenocortical carcinoma progressing after EDP-M chemotherapy.
CABANA trial
CABANA (NCT00911508) was a 2204-patient, 126-center randomized trial comparing catheter ablation with drug therapy in atrial fibrillation; primary composite endpoint was not significantly reduced (HR 0.86).
Cabassous centralis
Cabassous centralis, the northern naked-tailed armadillo (Miller, 1899), is a small fossorial armadillo from southern Mexico to north-western South America, west of the Andes; 11–13 bands, naked tail, insect diet, IUCN Least Concern.
Cabazitaxel
Cabazitaxel (Jevtana, XRP6258) is a Sanofi taxane microtubule inhibitor approved by the FDA in June 2010 with prednisone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer after docetaxel, based on the TROPIC trial.
Cabbage
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata, kanran 甘藍) is a head-forming brassica crop domesticated from wild European coastal cabbage, with green, red, savoy, and Napa types, grown in cool 15-18 °C conditions.
CABER trial
CABER (NCT04543643) is a phase 3 randomized open-label trial by Tianjin Second People's Hospital testing carvedilol plus berberine versus carvedilol alone for varices progression in HBV/HCV cirrhosis, 288 participants, 12 months, status unknown.
Cabergoline
Cabergoline (Dostinex) is a long-acting ergoline dopamine D2 agonist used twice weekly for hyperprolactinemia and prolactinoma, first-line over bromocriptine; high Parkinson's doses risk cardiac valve fibrosis.
Cabernet Sauvignon
Cabernet Sauvignon, historically also called Vidure, is a red wine grape and the world's most widely planted variety, central to Bordeaux and grown from Napa Valley to China.
Cable theory
Cable theory is a mathematical framework that models how electrical signals spread along neuronal dendrites and axons, treating each neurite as a passive cylindrical conductor.
Cabo Pulmo National Park
Cabo Pulmo National Park (Parque Nacional Cabo Pulmo), a 7,111-hectare Mexican protected area in Baja California Sur protecting the Gulf of California's only coral reef; famous for a 463% fish biomass recovery under community-enforced no-take protection.
CABO-LA study
CABO-LA (NCT05835635) is an observational study by Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile in Santiago evaluating satisfaction, acceptance, and quality of life in 50 virologically suppressed Chilean HIV patients switching from oral therapy to long-acting injectable cabotegravir plus rilpivirine over 72 weeks.
Cabotegravir
Cabotegravir (Vocabria, Apretude, Cabenuva) is an HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor from ViiV Healthcare, given as a 600 mg intramuscular injection every 2 months for PrEP and with rilpivirine for HIV treatment.
Cabozantinib/nivolumab regimen
The cabozantinib/nivolumab regimen combines the oral kinase inhibitor cabozantinib (Cabometyx) with the PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab (Opdivo), approved in 2021 for first-line advanced renal cell carcinoma.
Cacao pulp
Cacao pulp (cocoa mucilage, cocoa honey) is the sweet white pulp surrounding cacao beans, about 10% of the fruit, essential to chocolate fermentation and now a GRAS-recognized juice and concentrate ingredient.
Cacatua
Cacatua (white cockatoos) is a genus of cockatoos erected by Vieillot in 1817, including C. galerita, C. alba, and C. sulphurea; island-dwelling Australasian parrots, several species endangered by the pet trade and prone to feather-plucking in captivity.
CACH syndrome
CACH syndrome, or vanishing white matter (VWM), a rare autosomal recessive leukodystrophy from EIF2B1-5 mutations causing eIF2B dysfunction, chronic decline, and fever- or trauma-triggered deterioration, onset 2-5 years classically.
Cachexia
Cachexia, also called wasting syndrome, is an inflammation-driven loss of skeletal muscle and fat in cancer, heart failure, COPD, and kidney disease, not reversible by feeding alone; no FDA-approved drugs exist, anamorelin is Japan-only, and ponsegromab (anti-GDF-15) is the leading pipeline agent.
Cacicus
Cacicus (caciques) is a genus of colonial New World blackbirds (Icteridae) from Mexico to South America, weaving pendulous nests often near wasp nests; includes Yellow-rumped Cacique Cacicus cela and Selva Cacique C. koepckeae.
CACNA1A
CACNA1A, a gene on chromosome 19p13 encoding the CaV2.1 (P/Q-type) calcium channel alpha-1A subunit and the alpha1ACT transcription factor; pathogenic variants cause FHM1, episodic ataxia type 2, SCA6, and neurodevelopmental disorders.
CACNA1C
CACNA1C gene encodes CaV1.2, an L-type voltage-gated calcium channel; pathogenic variants cause Timothy syndrome, long/short QT, and neurodevelopmental disorder, and common variants raise schizophrenia risk.
CACNA1D
CACNA1D (Cav1.3, CACH3, SANDD, PASNA) is a human chromosome 3p21.1 gene encoding the pore-forming alpha-1D subunit of L-type calcium channels; gain-of-function variants cause PASNA and autism risk, loss of function causes deafness and bradycardia.
CACNA1H
CACNA1H (CaV3.2, alpha1H) is a T-type calcium channel gene on 16p13.3; its epilepsy association is ClinGen-disputed, but germline gain-of-function mutations cause familial hyperaldosteronism type IV.
CACNA1S
CACNA1S encodes alpha-1S (Cav1.1), the pore-forming L-type calcium channel and DHPR voltage sensor of skeletal muscle that activates RYR1 in excitation-contraction coupling; mutations cause hypokalemic periodic paralysis type 1 and malignant hyperthermia susceptibility.
Caco-2
Caco-2 (CaCo-2, ATCC HTB-37) is a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line that differentiates into enterocyte-like monolayers, the standard in vitro model for intestinal drug permeability and oral absorption screening.