72,234 articles
Caesalpinia pulcherrima
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw., pride of Barbados or peacock flower (formerly Poinciana pulcherrima), is a prickly leguminous shrub native to SE Mexico to Central America, widely grown in tropics for red-orange flowers; medicinal, toxic seeds, national flower of Barbados.
Caesar salad
Caesar salad, also called Aviator salad, is a green salad of romaine, croutons, and Parmesan, created in Tijuana, Mexico, in 1924 by restaurateur Caesar Cardini.
Caesarean section
Caesarean section (C-section): surgical delivery of a baby through abdominal and uterine incisions, elective or emergency. Global rate rose from 6% (1990) to 21% (2018); most frequent major abdominal surgery worldwide.
Caetano Reis e Sousa
Caetano Reis e Sousa is a Portuguese-born immunologist who leads the Immunobiology Laboratory at the Francis Crick Institute in London, best known for discovering the dendritic cell receptor DNGR-1.
Café au lait spot
Café au lait spot (café-au-lait macule, CALM): a common flat light-to-dark brown birthmark present at birth or in early childhood. Solitary spots are benign; six or more suggest NF1 or Legius, McCune-Albright, and related syndromes.
Cafenstrole
Cafenstrole (カフェンストロール) is a triazole herbicide developed by Chugai Pharmaceutical and marketed in Japan as Himeadow from 1996, used mainly in rice paddies against grassy weeds such as barnyardgrass.
Caffeic acid
Caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, CAS 331-39-5) is an abundant plant hydroxycinnamic acid polyphenol found in coffee, fruits, and herbs; a potent catechol-based antioxidant with low oral bioavailability due to rapid conjugation metabolism.
Caffeine
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, methyltheobromine, theine) is a methylxanthine alkaloid and the world's most consumed psychoactive drug, acting as an adenosine receptor antagonist, metabolized by CYP1A2, with a 2.5-4.5 hour adult half-life.
Caffeine intoxication
Caffeine intoxication is acute toxicity from excessive caffeine, defined by DSM-IV at over 250 mg with stimulant symptoms; severe poisoning follows gram doses, serum levels above 15 mg/L, and is treated supportively or with hemodialysis.
Caffeine synthase
Caffeine synthase (TCS1, CCS1) is a SAM-dependent plant N-methyltransferase catalyzing the last two steps of caffeine biosynthesis, 7-methylxanthine to theobromine to caffeine; first cloned from tea in 2000, distinct from coffee XMT-type SABATH enzymes.
Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder (ICD-11 6C48.40) is anxiety arising during or soon after caffeine intoxication or withdrawal, not explained by a primary anxiety disorder; risk rises sharply above 400 mg.
Caffey disease
Caffey disease, or infantile cortical hyperostosis (OMIM 114000), is a rare autosomal dominant COL1A1-related bone dysplasia of infancy causing painful subperiosteal hyperostosis, chiefly of the mandible, resolving by age two.
Caficrestat
Caficrestat (AT-001) is an orally active, highly selective aldose reductase inhibitor from Applied Therapeutics tested in the Phase 3 ARISE-HF trial for diabetic cardiomyopathy; the primary endpoint was not met.
Cage culture
Cage culture is an aquaculture method in which fish are held in net or mesh cages suspended in lakes, reservoirs, rivers, and coastal seas, producing roughly 6.6 million tonnes of marine fish yearly.
CAGE questionnaire
CAGE questionnaire: four-item alcoholism screening test (Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener) by Ewing, JAMA 1984; score 2+ positive; now superseded by AUDIT and SASQ in US guidelines.
Cagla Eroglu
Çağla Eroğlu is a molecular and cellular neuroscientist at Duke University whose research established that astrocytes actively build and remodel synaptic circuits in the mammalian brain.
Caiman
Caiman: South American crocodilians of the alligator family Alligatoridae, genera Caiman, Melanosuchus, and Paleosuchus, six species from the 1.7 m dwarf caiman to the 5 m black caiman, CITES-regulated for skin trade.
Caiman crocodilus
Caiman crocodilus, the spectacled or common caiman (baba, babilla, yacaré tinga), is a medium-sized alligatorid crocodilian from Mexico to Argentina, identified by a bony ridge between the eyes, IUCN Least Concern, CITES Appendix II, and invasive in Florida.
Caiman latirostris
Caiman latirostris, the broad-snouted caiman, is a medium-sized South American crocodilian, named for its wide snout suited to crushing mollusk shells; its sex is set by nest temperature.
Cainotherium
Cainotherium is an extinct genus of rabbit-sized artiodactyl ungulates of the family Cainotheriidae, endemic to Western Europe from the late Eocene to the middle Miocene, known for the distinctive Cainotherium plan molars and survival across the Grande Coupure.
Cajal body
The Cajal body, also called a coiled body, is a small, membraneless compartment in the cell nucleus that concentrates the machinery for assembling and recycling spliceosomal snRNPs.
Cajal-Retzius cell
Cajal-Retzius cells, also called CR cells, are transient reelin-secreting neurons of the developing cerebral cortex marginal zone, named after Ramón y Cajal and Retzius; they direct inside-out cortical layering and die by apoptosis after development.
Cajanus
Cajanus, a Fabaceae genus of 34 species native to the tropical Old World to north Australia; its sole cultivated species, Cajanus cajan (pigeonpea, arhar), was domesticated in India from C. cajanifolius.
Caki-1
Caki-1 (ATCC HTB-46, CVCL_0234) is a human clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell line established in 1971 from a skin metastasis in a 49-year-old man by Fogh and Trempe at Sloan Kettering; wildtype VHL, metastatic ccRCC model.
Caki-2
Caki-2 (ATCC HTB-47, CVCL_0235) is a human renal cell carcinoma cell line established in 1971 from a 69-year-old man; originally labeled clear cell RCC, it is now classified as papillary RCC.
Cakradatta
Cakradatta (चक्रदत्त), fully Cakrapāṇidatta, was an 11th-century Ayurvedic physician of eastern India who wrote the therapeutic compendium Cikitsāsaṃgraha, later called the Cakradatta, and the Āyurvedadīpikā, the most authoritative commentary on the Carakasaṃhitā.
CAL-27
CAL-27 (CVCL_1107, ATCC CRL-2095) is a human tongue cancer cell line established in 1982 by Gioanni in Nice from a 56-year-old man, widely used in oral squamous cell carcinoma research and reclassified as adenosquamous carcinoma.
Calabash
Calabash, most often the bottle gourd Lagenaria siceraria (ユウガオ), an African-domesticated climbing cucurbit grown for edible young fruits and hard shells used as utensils, instruments, and watermelon rootstock; distinct from Crescentia cujete.
Calabaza
Calabaza, also called West Indian pumpkin or kalabasa, is the tropical pumpkin of the squash species Cucurbita moschata, grown for its large, sweet, deep-orange-fleshed fruit across Latin America and the Caribbean.
Caladenia
Caladenia (spider orchids), genus of over 250 geophytic terrestrial orchids in tribe Diurideae, described by Robert Brown in 1810, native Java to Australia and New Zealand, with 71 Australian species federally threatened.