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Caladium
Caladium, a genus of Araceae tuberous foliage plants including Caladium bicolor and the hybrid Caladium x hortulanum, grown for colorful heart-shaped leaves; Florida produces nearly all commercial tubers, centered on Lake Placid.
Caladium cultivars
Caladium cultivars are named selections of Caladium bicolor and its hybrids grown for patterned foliage in white, red, and pink, with Florida supplying over 95 percent of world tubers.
Calamagrostis
Calamagrostis, known as reed grass, is a genus of about 130 species of perennial grasses in the grass family Poaceae, found from Himalayan meadows to North American prairies.
Calamagrostis arenaria
Calamagrostis arenaria, commonly called marram grass or European beachgrass and formerly Ammophila arenaria, is a dune-building perennial grass native to European coasts and planted widely for sand stabilization.
Calamansi
Calamansi (kalamansi, 四季橘), Citrus × microcarpa, is a mandarin × kumquat hybrid citrus grown mainly in the Philippines; small tart aromatic fruit used as juice, seasoning, and home remedy, about 107,620 metric tons produced in 2025.
Calamaria
Calamaria (reed snakes) is a genus of 74 small, semi-fossorial colubroid snake species from South and Southeast Asia to the Sunda Islands, Philippines, and Sulawesi; type species C. linnaei, actively revised taxonomy.
Calamites
Calamites is a genus of extinct tree-like horsetails, related to modern Equisetum, that co-dominated the swamp forests of the Carboniferous Period some 300 million years ago.
Calanoida
Calanoida, calanoid copepods (order Sars, 1903), planktonic marine and freshwater crustaceans; monophyletic order of Neocopepoda with about 1,961 ocean species, key phytoplankton grazers, lipid-pump carbon sequestration, and aquaculture use.
Calanthe triplicata
Calanthe triplicata (Christmas orchid, tsururan, 三褶虾脊兰) is a widespread terrestrial orchid from tropical Asia to the Pacific, with white deceptive flowers, up to 1.3 m inflorescences, 48 synonyms, and natural hybrids with C. sylvatica.
Calappa (crab)
Calappa is a genus of box crabs (family Calappidae, type species Cancer granulatus) with a broad carapace, folded legs, and shell-opening right claws, found in Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific waters from 0 to 1000 m.
Calappidae
Calappidae, the box crabs (De Haan, 1833), is a brachyuran crab family in Calappoidea with nine extant genera including Calappa and Mursia, two major clades, a deep-water origin, and an extensive fossil record.
Calaspargase pegol
Calaspargase pegol (Asparlas, EZN-2285) is an E. coli L-asparaginase-mPEG conjugate with a succinimidyl carbonate linker, FDA-approved December 2018 for ALL in patients age 1 month to 21 years; longer half-life than pegaspargase allows every-3-week dosing.
Calathea
Calathea is a genus of Marantaceae native from S. Mexico to tropical America, with 59 accepted species after the 2012 transfer of most former Calathea species to Goeppertia; grown as patterned foliage houseplants showing nyctinasty.
CALB1
CALB1 (calbindin 1, calbindin-D28k) is a human chromosome 8q21.3 gene encoding a 261-aa EF-hand calcium-buffering protein expressed in kidney and brain, with four active Ca2+-binding domains, upregulated in senescence via calcineurin/NFAT, and depleted in Huntington disease.
Calcaneal osteotomy
A calcaneal osteotomy is a surgical cut of the heel bone (calcaneus) that realigns a flatfoot or cavovarus hindfoot, turning the Achilles tendon into a corrective force.
Calcaneal spur
Calcaneal spur (heel spur, Kalkaneussporn): a bony outgrowth from the heel bone at the plantar fascia or Achilles attachment, present in about 15% of people, linked to plantar fasciitis and age, usually painless.
Calcaneus
The calcaneus, also known as the heel bone or os calcis, is the largest tarsal bone, forming the heel, bearing most body weight, and anchoring the Achilles tendon.
Calcarea ecology and biogeography
Calcarea ecology and biogeography describes the distribution and environmental role of calcareous sponges, marine filter feeders with calcium carbonate skeletons living mainly in shallow, sheltered seas.
Calcarea taxonomy and systematics
Calcarea, also called Calcispongiae, is the class of sponges with calcitic spicule skeletons, currently divided into the subclasses Calcinea and Calcaronea, with 817 accepted species.
Calcarisporiellomycotina
Calcarisporiellomycotina is a fungal subphylum in the phylum Calcarisporiellomycota, sister to Mucoromycota, with genera Calcarisporiella and Echinochlamydosporium, two described species, and the thermophile Calcarisporiella thermophila.
Calcarius
Calcarius is a genus of Calcariidae songbirds called longspurs, named for the long hind-toe claw. Three species, lapponicus, ornatus, and pictus; McCown's longspur was split off as Rhynchophanes after cytochrome b phylogenetics.
Calcaronea
Calcaronea (Bidder, 1898) is a subclass of calcareous sponges (Calcarea) with apinucleate choanocytes, sagittal triactines, diactines first in ontogeny, and amphiblastula larvae; orders Leucosolenida, Lithonida, Baerida; molecular data support its monophyly but not most internal taxa.
Calceola
Calceola is an extinct genus of slipper-shaped rugose corals that lived during the Early and Middle Devonian, from about 419 to 382 million years ago, closing its calice with a single lid.
Calceolaria
Calceolaria (slipper flowers, lady's purse) is a genus of about 250-310 Andean plants in Calceolariaceae, from Mexico to Tierra del Fuego, with nectarless oil-offering flowers pollinated by Centris and Chalepogenus bees.
Calcifediol
Calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3, calcidiol) is the liver-made circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 and precursor of calcitriol, used as a supplement and as RAYALDEE for CKD secondary hyperparathyroidism; it raises serum 25(OH)D faster and about 3.2-fold more potently than cholecalciferol.
Calcific pancreatitis
Calcific pancreatitis (chronic calcific pancreatitis, ICD-11 DC32.0): chronic pancreatitis with calcium carbonate deposits in pancreatic ducts and tissue; alcohol and smoking double calcification risk; surgery relieves pain better than endoscopy.
Calcific panniculitis
Calcific panniculitis (石灰化脂肪織炎), ICD-11 EB90.41, is calcium deposition in subcutaneous fat causing firm masses on thighs and hips, linked to hyperparathyroidism and chronic renal failure, and distinct from calciphylaxis.
Calcific tendinitis
Calcific tendinitis (calcific tendinopathy, calcifying tendinitis): hydroxyapatite calcium deposits in rotator cuff tendons, usually self-limiting, peaking in the fifth decade, treated first conservatively; lavage benefit questioned by a 2023 sham-controlled trial.
Calcification
Calcification: calcium buildup that hardens body tissue, normal in bones and teeth, abnormal (ectopic) elsewhere. Classified as dystrophic, metastatic, or ossification; driven by cell-mediated mechanisms, inhibited by pyrophosphate.
Calcification in corals
Calcification in corals is the process by which coral polyps convert ions in seawater into a calcium carbonate skeleton, the basis of reef construction by stony corals.