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Calculus in bladder
Calculus in bladder (bladder stone, vesical calculus): hard mineral mass forming in the urinary bladder, usually from incomplete emptying; classified primary, secondary, or migratory; treated by cystolithotripsy.
Calculus in urethra
A calculus in the urethra, also called urethrolithiasis, is a urinary stone lodged in the tube that carries urine from the bladder, usually presenting as acute urinary retention.
Calculus of kidney
Calculus of kidney (renal stone, ICD-11 GB70.0): a mineral concretion in the renal collecting system, mostly calcium-based, diagnosed by non-contrast CT, treated with NSAIDs, SWL, URS, or PCNL, and recurrent in up to 39% at 15 years.
Calculus of lower urinary tract
Calculus of lower urinary tract (ICD-11 GB71): stones in the bladder or urethra, also called vesical or urethral calculi; bladder stones are about 5% of urinary stones, mostly secondary to bladder outlet obstruction, treated by transurethral cystolithotripsy.
Calculus of prostate
Calculus of prostate (prostatic calculi, prostatolithiasis, ICD-11 GA91.3): small calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate calcifications forming in the prostate, common in men over 50, usually asymptomatic, not independent predictors of severe LUTS.
Calculus of upper urinary tract
Calculus of upper urinary tract (ICD-11 GB70) covers kidney and ureteral stones, mostly calcium oxalate. Key facts: 106 million 2021 incident cases, 45% ultrasound sensitivity, PCNL for stones over 2 cm.
Calculus of ureter
Calculus of ureter (ureterolithiasis, ureteric stone; ICD-10-CM N20.1, ICD-11 GB70.1) is a urinary stone, usually formed in the kidney, lodged in the ureter, causing renal colic; passage rates and treatment depend on stone size and location.
Caldesmon
Caldesmon (lymphocyte-specific protein, LSP; gene CALD1) is an actin, myosin, tropomyosin, and calmodulin-binding protein that inhibits actomyosin ATPase, with smooth muscle H- and non-muscle L-isoforms and cancer biomarker roles.
Caldwell Esselstyn
Caldwell B. Esselstyn Jr., American surgeon and 1956 Olympic rowing gold medalist at Cleveland Clinic, known for the Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease plant-based, oil-free diet program and its coronary artery disease studies.
Calea
Calea L. (Mexican dream herb, Calea ternifolia) is a species-rich Asteraceae genus native from Mexico to tropical America, with about 170 species, yellow florets, scale pappus, and sesquiterpene lactone chemistry.
Caleb E. Finch
Caleb E. Finch is an American biogerontologist at the University of Southern California known for research on aging, inflammation, and air pollution's effects on the brain.
Caledonian Forest
Caledonian Forest, or Caledonian pinewood, is Scotland's relict indigenous Scots pine woodland with birch and juniper. Once about 1.5 million hectares, under 2% survives; deer browsing, non-native conifers, drought and wildfire are the main threats.
Calendar-based contraceptive methods
Calendar-based contraceptive methods, including the calendar rhythm method and Standard Days Method, predict fertile days from menstrual cycle dates; typical-use failure is about 24% per year, and regular 26-32 day cycles are required.
Calendula
Calendula (marigold) is a Mediterranean-centered genus of Asteraceae herbs including pot marigold (Calendula officinalis), used in traditional herbal medicines, cosmetics, and food, with C. maritima Critically Endangered.
Calendula officinalis
Calendula officinalis (pot marigold), an Asteraceae herb native to the western Mediterranean, grown as an ornamental, edible flower, and traditional medicine; EU-registered herbal product Calendulae flos rich in terpenoids, flavonoids, and carotenoids.
Calf
Calf, the young of domestic cattle (Bos taurus); dairy and beef rearing, milk feeding at 8-20% of body weight, rumen development, weaning at 6-8 weeks, and individual versus pair or group housing effects on welfare.
Calf (leg)
Calf (leg): posterior lower-leg muscle group of gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris (triceps surae) forming the Achilles tendon; plantarflexion, venous pump, strains, tennis leg.
CalFresh
CalFresh is California's version of SNAP (formerly Food Stamps), providing monthly EBT food benefits to low-income residents; 5.5 million Californians participate, with income limits by household size and 2025-26 H.R. 1 federal changes.
Calico (company)
Calico Life Sciences LLC, originally the California Life Company, is a biotech founded by Google in 2013 to study aging biology and develop therapies for age-related diseases.
Calico cat
Calico cat: a tricolor (orange, black, white) domestic cat, almost always female, caused by X-inactivation of the X-linked Sex-linked orange ARHGAP36 deletion plus Kit-locus white spotting; male calicos are XXY and sterile.
Calidris
Calidris (stints) is a genus of sandpipers in Scolopacidae, established by Merrem in 1804 with the red knot as type species. Since 2012 it includes the ruff, sanderling, spoon-billed sandpiper, and other former monotypic genera.
California condor
California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), North America's largest land bird, a Critically Endangered vulture saved from 22 birds in 1982 via captive breeding; 607 birds existed by end of 2025, with lead poisoning the main threat.
California Department of Fish and Wildlife
The California Department of Fish and Wildlife, formerly the Department of Fish and Game, is the state agency managing California's fish, wildlife, and plant resources.
California Department of Pesticide Regulation
California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR, CDPR), a CalEPA department: registers pesticides, licenses applicators, enforces use laws with County Agricultural Commissioners, funded by the mill assessment; director Karen Morrison; canceled paraquat registrations in 2026.
California encephalitis
California encephalitis: rare mosquito-borne viral encephalitis from California encephalitis virus, prototype of the California serogroup orthobunyaviruses, isolated 1943 in Kern County; La Crosse virus dominates pediatric cases.
California giant salamander
California giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus), formerly Pacific giant salamander, a large marbled salamander endemic to central California coast ranges, breeding in cold streams, IUCN Near Threatened and a California Species of Special Concern.
California grizzly bear
California grizzly bear (Ursus arctos californicus), extinct brown bear subspecies last seen 1924, state animal since 1953 and on the state flag; largely herbivorous, not the giant hypercarnivore of historical accounts.
California gull
The California gull (Larus californicus) is a medium-sized gull of western North America that breeds at inland lakes, winters on the Pacific Coast, and is Utah's state bird.
California kingsnake
California kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae), a non-venomous constrictor colubrid of the western United States; eats other snakes including rattlesnakes; widespread in California, invasive in the Canary Islands.
California mastitis test
The California mastitis test (CMT) is a cow-side diagnostic test developed at UC Davis in 1957 that estimates milk somatic cell count to detect subclinical mastitis in dairy cows.