Life and health

Caroline F. Wright

Caroline F. Wright is a British human geneticist, professor of Genomic Medicine at the University of Exeter, who led the Deciphering Developmental Disorders sequencing study.

Caroline Kisker

Caroline Kisker, born 1964, is a German structural biologist who holds the Chair of Structural Biology at the University of Würzburg and is known for work on DNA repair machinery.

Caroline Lucas (born 1960) is a British Green Party politician, the first Green MP, representing Brighton Pavilion 2010-2024, former MEP for South East England, and Green Party leader 2008-2012 and co-leader 2016-2018.

Caroline M. Tanner

Caroline M. Tanner, also published as Caroline Tanner, is an American neurologist and epidemiologist at UCSF known for linking pesticides and solvents to Parkinson's disease risk.

Sep 20, 2026

Caroline Robert

Caroline Robert is a French dermato-oncologist, professor at Université Paris-Saclay, who heads dermatology at Gustave Roussy and led pivotal melanoma trials, including KEYNOTE-006 and the dabrafenib–trametinib COMBI trials.

Caroline S. Fox

Caroline S. Fox, also known as Caroline Fox, is an American physician-scientist who studies the genetics of diabetes, obesity, and kidney disease, leading labs at the NHLBI and Merck.

Caroline S. Hill

Caroline S. Hill is a British molecular biologist studying TGF-β signaling in development and cancer, and Deputy Research Director at the Francis Crick Institute in London.

Carollia

Carollia (short-tailed fruit bats, Phyllostomidae, Carolliinae), genus named by Gray in 1838; type species C. braziliensis = Seba's short-tailed bat; Neotropical Piper seed dispersers; species count grew from 4 (1993) to 9 (2006).

Carolyn B. Coyne

Carolyn B. Coyne is an American virologist at Duke University who studies how viruses cross gut and airway barriers and how the placenta protects the fetus.

Sep 19, 2026

Carolyn Bertozzi

Carolyn R. Bertozzi is an American chemical biologist at Stanford University who won the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing click and bioorthogonal chemistry.

Sep 20, 2026

Carolyn Cohen

Carolyn Cohen (1929–2017) was an American biophysicist and structural biologist at Brandeis University known for structural studies of muscle proteins and for establishing the coiled coil as a widespread protein motif.

Carolyn L. Westhoff

Carolyn L. Westhoff (Carolyn Louise Westhoff) is a Columbia University physician-scientist in obstetrics and gynecology and epidemiology, elected to the Institute of Medicine in 2007 and known for Quick Start contraceptive initiation.

Carolyn Y. Ho

Carolyn Y. Ho is an American cardiologist and physician-scientist who directs the Cardiovascular Genetics Center at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston and leads research and trials on early-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Carotene

Carotene: oxygen-free hydrocarbon carotenoid pigments, chiefly beta-carotene (C40H56), the main provitamin A source from plants, converted to retinol by BCMO1; harmful as supplements in smokers.

Carotenoid

Carotenoids are isoprenoid pigments, over 700 known, giving yellow to red colors; xanthophylls vs carotenes; provitamin A via BCO1; honest-signal coloration in birds; astaxanthin in salmon feed.

Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases

Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs, CCOs): non-heme iron enzyme superfamily cleaving carotenoids into apocarotenoids; includes mammalian BCO1, BCO2, RPE65 and plant CCD1-8, NCEDs for vitamin A, ABA, strigolactones.

Carotenosis

Carotenosis (carotenemia, carotenoderma) is benign yellow-orange skin discoloration from elevated blood β-carotene deposited in the stratum corneum, affecting palms and soles but sparing the sclerae, distinguishing it from jaundice.

Sep 29, 2026

Carotid angioplasty

Carotid angioplasty and stenting is a minimally invasive procedure that widens a narrowed carotid artery with a balloon and stent to prevent stroke, an alternative to carotid endarterectomy.

Carotid Arteries Ultrasonography

Carotid arteries ultrasonography (carotid duplex ultrasound, DUS) is a noninvasive gray-scale and Doppler exam grading carotid stenosis by ICA peak systolic velocity (normal 230 cm/s); USPSTF advises against asymptomatic screening.

Carotid artery

The carotid arteries, also known as the arteria carotis, are paired neck arteries supplying the brain, face, and neck; their narrowing from plaque is a major cause of stroke.

Carotid artery dissection

Carotid artery dissection, a tear of the carotid artery wall forming a false lumen, part of cervical artery dissection; a leading cause of stroke in young adults (incidence 2.6–2.9/100,000), treated with antiplatelets or anticoagulation, with low recurrent stroke risk.

Carotid artery stenosis

Carotid artery stenosis, also called carotid artery disease, is a narrowing of the carotid artery in the neck, usually by atherosclerotic plaque, causing roughly 10 to 15% of ischemic strokes.

Oct 20, 2026

Carotid cavernous fistula

Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF), also called carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, is an abnormal artery-to-vein shunt in the cavernous sinus, classified by Barrow types A-D, usually traumatic and direct or spontaneous and indirect, treated by endovascular embolization.

Carotid endarterectomy

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is surgical removal of plaque from the carotid bifurcation to prevent stroke. Introduced 1954; proven for symptomatic ≥70% stenosis by NASCET and ECST in 1991.

Carotid Intima-Media Thickness

Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is an ultrasound measure of carotid wall thickening used as an atherosclerosis marker and trial surrogate; predictive of events but adds little beyond Framingham risk scores.

Carotid sinus

The carotid sinus, or carotid bulb, is a dilation at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery that houses baroreceptors regulating blood pressure and heart rate.

Carotid stenting

Carotid artery stenting (CAS), an endovascular alternative to carotid endarterectomy introduced in 1994, places a self-expanding stent in a narrowed carotid artery; CREST showed similar 4-year outcomes with more stroke after CAS and more MI after CEA.

Carotid web

Carotid web (carotid diaphragm, CaW): a shelf-like intimal variant of fibromuscular dysplasia at the posterior internal carotid bulb causing thromboembolic cryptogenic stroke in young, often female and Black patients; treated with antiplatelets or CEA/stenting.

Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity

Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) is the gold-standard noninvasive measure of aortic stiffness, calculated as wave travel distance divided by carotid-to-femoral transit time, with a 10 m/s cut-off and standardized distance methods.