72,234 articles
Chikilidae
Chikilidae (Northeast Indian caecilians) is a family of limbless amphibians described in 2012, endemic to northeast India and Bangladesh, with four species in the genus Chikila and African Herpelidae as its sister group.
Chikungunya
Chikungunya: mosquito-borne alphavirus disease (CHIKV) spread by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, causing fever and severe, sometimes prolonged joint pain; no specific antiviral treatment; two licensed vaccines, Ixchiq and Vimkunya.
Chikungunya vaccine, recombinant
Chikungunya vaccine, recombinant (VIMKUNYA, PXVX0317) is Bavarian Nordic's aluminum-adjuvanted virus-like particle vaccine for people 12 and older, FDA-approved February 2025, with 98% day-22 seroresponse in ages 12-64 and 87% in those 65+.
Chilblain lupus erythematosus
Chilblain lupus erythematosus (chilblain lupus, Hutchinson lupus, lupus pernio of Hutchinson) is a rare chronic cutaneous lupus variant with cold-induced purple acral lesions, familial TREX1/SAMHD1 forms, and 18% sporadic SLE progression.
Chilblains
Chilblains (pernio, perniosis): itchy, painful inflammatory bumps on fingers and toes after cold, damp, non-freezing exposure; primary or secondary (most often to lupus); resolve in weeks; nifedipine most evaluated treatment.
Child
Child: a human being under 18 years per the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, also called a minor. Covers age definitions (infant, child 1–10, adolescent 10–19), the 19th-century rise of pediatrics, and child health: under-five mortality down 60% since 1990, stunting, and vaccination gaps.
Child and adolescent mental health
Child and adolescent mental health covers emotional and behavioral well-being from early childhood through adolescence, including CAMHS services, multi-informant assessment (SDQ, CGAS), transdiagnostic dimensional research, and intervention science for conditions like depression and anxiety.
Child care
Child care, also called daycare or early childhood education and care, is supervised care of children by non-parents. Covers home-based and center forms, quality research on ratios and process quality, and US history from 1898 day nurseries to the vetoed 1971 Child Development Act.
Child Guidance Clinics
Child guidance clinics are facilities delivering mental health counseling to children, first established by William Healy in the United States in 1909 within the mental hygiene movement.
Child Health
Child health is the field covering the physical and mental conditions of children, monitored through indicators of survival, development, protection from violence, and access to quality health care.
Child Health Services
Child health services: organized preventive and curative care for children, from vaccination and well-child visits to treatment and development support, delivered mainly through primary health care systems worldwide.
Child mortality
Child mortality, the death of children under five (U5MR), fell from 93.5 to 37.4 per 1,000 live births, 1990–2024; 4.9 million under-five deaths in 2024, mostly preventable, concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
Child Nutrition Act
Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (Pub. L. 89-642), U.S. federal law creating the School Breakfast Program and formalizing the Special Milk Program; WIC sits under its section 17; last reauthorized by the 2010 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act.
CHILD syndrome
CHILD syndrome (congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects; CHILD nevus) is a rare X-linked dominant cholesterol biosynthesis disorder caused by NSDHL mutations at Xq28, causing unilateral skin lesions, limb defects, and male lethality.
Child–Pugh score
The Child–Pugh score, also called Child–Turcotte-Pugh, grades liver cirrhosis severity from 5 to 15 points across five parameters, giving classes A, B, and C used for prognosis and drug dosing.
Childbirth
Childbirth: labor and delivery of the fetus and placenta, usually at 37 to 42 weeks. Three stages of labor, pain relief options, induction, birth settings, and postpartum recovery.
Childhood absence epilepsy
Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE, formerly pyknolepsy) is an idiopathic generalized epilepsy of school-aged children with daily absence seizures and 2.5–4-Hz spike-wave on EEG; ethosuximide is first-line, remission about 60%.
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common cancer in children, in which the bone marrow overproduces immature white blood cells; modern chemotherapy cures about 85% of patients.
Childhood atopic eczema
Childhood atopic eczema (pediatric atopic dermatitis), the most common pediatric skin disease, affecting up to 25% of children worldwide; treated with emollients, topical corticosteroids, and newer biologics like dupilumab.
Childhood dementia
Childhood dementia is a collective term for genetic neurodegenerative disorders in children, marked by progressive loss of developmental skills; most of the roughly 170 disorders are untreatable.
Childhood disintegrative disorder
Childhood disintegrative disorder, or Heller syndrome (ICD-11 6A02.3), is a rare condition in which children lose language, social, and motor skills after at least two years of typical development, with regression around age 3; folded into autism spectrum disorder in DSM-5.
Childhood leukemia
Childhood leukemia, mainly acute lymphoblastic (ALL) and acute myeloid (AML) leukemia, is the most common childhood cancer; 5-year survival now exceeds 86% in the US, with blinatumomab improving outcomes.
Childhood obesity
Childhood obesity, excess body fat in children defined by BMI-for-age percentiles, affects 170 million children aged 5-19 in 2024 and surpassed underweight as the leading form of child malnutrition in 2025.
Childhood occipital visual epilepsy
Childhood occipital visual epilepsy (COVE), formerly Gastaut-type idiopathic childhood occipital epilepsy, is a self-limited childhood epilepsy with brief visual seizures, occipital EEG spikes, normal MRI, and remission in most children.
Childhood stroke
Childhood stroke (pediatric stroke): sudden ischemic or hemorrhagic brain injury in children, with neonatal peak incidence, arteriopathy and sickle cell disease as leading causes, and age-specific AHA thrombolysis and thrombectomy guidance.
Childhood-onset autosomal recessive slowly progressive spinocerebellar ataxia
SCAR7, or childhood-onset autosomal recessive slowly progressive spinocerebellar ataxia (ORPHA:284324, OMIM 609270), is a rare recessive ataxia caused by TPP1 variants on 11p15, distinct from dominant ATXN7 SCA7, with no approved treatments.
Childhood-onset motor and cognitive regression syndrome with extrapyramidal movement disorder
Childhood-onset motor and cognitive regression syndrome with extrapyramidal movement disorder, or CONDBA/UBTF neuroregression syndrome, is an ultra-rare autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by the de novo UBTF c.628G>A (p.Glu210Lys) gain-of-function variant, causing childhood regression, dystonia, parkinsonism, chorea, ataxia, and progressive brain atrophy.
Childhood-onset nemaline myopathy
Childhood-onset nemaline myopathy, or mild nemaline myopathy, a genetic muscle disease with distal weakness beginning in childhood or adolescence; genes include ACTA1, NEB, KBTBD13, TPM2, TPM3, KLHL41, MYPN.
Childhood-onset stress-induced neurodegenerative ataxia-seizure syndrome
CONDSIAS (childhood-onset stress-induced neurodegenerative ataxia-seizure syndrome; OMIM 618170) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive ADPRS/ADPRHL2 (ARH3) disorder with stress-triggered episodic ataxia, seizures, and regression after normal early development.
Children's Health Defense
Children's Health Defense (CHD) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit founded by Robert F. Kennedy Jr., active in anti-vaccine litigation, publishing The Defender, and removed from Facebook and Instagram in 2022.