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Chromatin immunoprecipitation
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is an antibody-based method that isolates specific DNA-protein complexes from fragmented chromatin to map where a protein binds, read out by qPCR, microarray, or sequencing.
Chromatin isolation by RNA purification sequencing
Chromatin isolation by RNA purification sequencing (ChIRP-seq) is a hybridization-capture method, reported in 2011, that maps the genomic binding sites of one chosen RNA by sequencing.
Chromatin modification-related protein Eaf6
Eaf6 (Esa1-associated factor 6, UniProt P47128) is a 113-aa non-catalytic yeast protein in the NuA4 Piccolo HAT module and NuA3; conserved as MEAF6 in human HBO1/MOZ complexes.
Chromatin modifying enzymes
Chromatin modifying enzymes: enzymes that chemically modify DNA or histones (acetylation, methylation, deimination) or remodel nucleosomes to regulate gene accessibility; central to development, imprinting, and cancer, and major drug targets including DNMT, HDAC, and HAT inhibitors.
Chromatin organization
Chromatin organization: the hierarchical packing of eukaryotic DNA with histones into nucleosomes (~150 bp around an H2A/H2B/H3/H4 octamer), 30 nm fibers, TADs, and chromosome territories, regulating transcription, replication, and repair.
Chromatin remodeling
Chromatin remodeling is the ATP-dependent alteration of nucleosome position, occupancy, or composition by multi-subunit enzymes, regulating DNA accessibility and falling into four families: SWI/SNF, ISWI, CHD, and INO80.
Chromatin SPT2
SPT2 (SIN1; human SPTY2D1) is a conserved HMG-like chromatin protein and H3/H4 histone chaperone, first found as a suppressor of Ty insertions in yeast, that maintains nucleosomes over transcribed genes and suppresses cryptic transcription.
Chromatin structure remodeling (RSC) complex
RSC (Remodels the Structure of Chromatin) is an essential, abundant SWI/SNF-family ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex in budding yeast, with the Sth1 translocase, that creates promoter nucleosome-depleted regions and participates in transcription and DNA repair.
Chromatium
Chromatium, genus of gram-negative phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria (family Chromatiaceae) performing anoxygenic photosynthesis with intracellular sulfur globules; type genus conserved in 1971, reclassified by 16S rDNA in 1998.
Chromatophore
Chromatophore: pigment-containing, light-reflecting cells or organs that produce animal color change. In cephalopods they are neurally controlled neuromuscular organs with elastic pigment sacs and radial muscles, enabling near-instant camouflage and signaling.
Chromileptes altivelis
Chromileptes altivelis, the humpback or panther grouper (Cromileptes altivelis), a spotted monotypic Indo-West Pacific reef fish, protogynous, slow-growing, valuable in live fish and aquarium trades.
Chromis chromis
Chromis chromis, the Mediterranean damselfish (Sparus chromis, Linnaeus 1758), a small shoaling planktivorous Pomacentridae of Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic rocky littorals, a key nutrient-linking prey species.
Chromista
Chromista: eukaryote kingdom proposed by Cavalier-Smith in 1981 for chlorophyll a and c algae with four-membrane red-algal plastids and tubular flagellar hairs; includes diatoms, kelp, oomycetes, and malaria parasites.
Chromium deficiency
Chromium deficiency: proposed lack of trivalent chromium impairing glucose tolerance; described only in long-term TPN case reports, not in healthy people; ICD-11 5B5K.8; essentiality disputed since EFSA 2014.
Chromium polynicotinate
Chromium polynicotinate, also called niacin-bound chromium, GTF Chromium, or ChromeMate, is a trivalent chromium-niacin complex used in supplements; FDA issued a no-questions GRAS letter (GRN 000614) in 2016 for enhanced water beverages at 575 µg/L.
ChROMME-TBI trial
The ChROMME-TBI trial is a phase II study testing whether oral chlorophyllin reduces severe oral mucositis in patients receiving total body irradiation before stem cell transplant.
Chromo domain
Chromo domain (chromatin organization modifier), a 50-70 residue reader module in HP1 and Polycomb/CBX proteins; aromatic cage binds methylated histone lysines such as H3K9me3 and H3K27me3.
Chromobacterium
Chromobacterium, type species C. violaceum, is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic soil and water rods of the Chromobacteriaceae; C. violaceum produces violacein and causes rare, highly fatal human infections.
Chromobox protein homolog 7
CBX7 (chromobox protein homolog 7), gene CBX7 at 22q13.1, is a 251-amino-acid human Polycomb PRC1 chromodomain protein that reads H3K27me3, represses CDKN2A, and acts as tumor suppressor or oncogene depending on tissue.
Chromodoris annae
Chromodoris annae (Anna's chromodoris), Bergh 1877, is a 2 cm Indo-West Pacific nudibranch of the family Chromodorididae, blue with black lines, found at 15-30 m from Malaysia to the Marshall Islands, once synonymized with C. elisabethina and involved in documented mimicry.
Chromodoris lochi
Chromodoris lochi, known as Loch's chromodoris, is a bluish-white, black-lined sea slug, a dorid nudibranch reaching 40 mm that lives on Indo-Pacific reef slopes and stores toxins from its sponge prey.
Chromoendoscopy
Chromoendoscopy is an endoscopic diagnostic technique that applies dyes such as methylene blue, Lugol's iodine, and indigo carmine to the gastrointestinal lining to highlight lesions.
Chromogenic in situ hybridization
Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) is a pathology technique that detects specific DNA or RNA sequences in tissue sections, introduced in 2000 for HER2 testing in breast cancer.
Chromogranin A/B/C
Chromogranin A, B, and C (secretogranins I and II) are acidic granin-family proteins of neuroendocrine secretory granules; CgA (439 aa, 49 kDa, CHGA, 14q32.12) is the routine blood and tissue marker for neuroendocrine tumors, with PPI use and renal failure as key false-positive causes.
Chromolaena
Chromolaena (Siam weed, triffid weed) is a genus of 166 Asteraceae species native to tropical and subtropical America, split from Eupatorium in 1987; C. odorata is both a medicinal plant and a major invasive weed.
Chromolaena odorata
Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed, devil weed; formerly Eupatorium odoratum) is an Asteraceae shrub native to tropical America, invasive across Africa, Asia, and Australia, and a traditional medicinal plant for wounds and malaria.
Chromomycosis
Chromomycosis, also called chromoblastomycosis (CBM), a chronic skin and subcutaneous fungal infection from traumatic inoculation of dematiaceous fungi, marked by muriform cells, mainly in tropical regions, a WHO neglected tropical disease.
Chromophobe cell
Chromophobe cell: a cell that stains poorly or not at all, originally an anterior pituitary cell type lacking granules (Flesch, 1884), also the pale vesicle-rich cell of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC) is a rare kidney cancer subtype, about 5% of RCC, grouped with oncocytoma in the 2022 WHO oncocytic/chromophobe category; hypodiploid with chromosome losses, excellent prognosis, no standard metastatic therapy.
Chromophore-assisted light inactivation
Chromophore-assisted light inactivation (CALI) is a cell biology technique that uses light-activated chromophores bound to a target protein to generate reactive oxygen species, inactivating it within a second.