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Chromoplast
A chromoplast is a non-photosynthetic plant plastid that produces and stores carotenoid pigments, giving yellow, orange, and red color to fruits, flowers, and roots, as in ripening tomatoes, peppers, marigold petals, and carrot roots.
Chromosomal analysis
Chromosomal analysis is a cytogenetic diagnostic method that examines chromosome number and structure, most commonly by G-banded karyotyping, to detect abnormalities such as aneuploidy and translocations.
Chromosomal crossover
Chromosomal crossover, or crossing over, is the reciprocal exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes during meiotic prophase I. Initiated by SPO11 double-strand breaks, it follows obligate crossover, interference, and homeostasis rules and prevents aneuploidy.
Chromosomal microarray analysis
Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) is a genetic diagnostic test using DNA microarrays to detect chromosomal deletions and duplications genome-wide, the recommended first-tier test for developmental delay, autism, and congenital anomalies.
Chromosomal replication control, initiator DnaA
DnaA, the conserved bacterial AAA+ ATPase initiator, binds DnaA boxes at oriC, melts the duplex, loads DnaB helicase, and is regulated by SeqA, RIDA/Hda, datA, and DARS to fire once per cell cycle.
Chromosomal translocation
Chromosomal translocation: a DNA segment moves between non-homologous chromosomes after erroneous double-strand break repair; balanced or unbalanced, reciprocal or Robertsonian; causes the Philadelphia chromosome (BCR-ABL) in CML and recurrent miscarriage in carriers.
Chromosome
Chromosome: threadlike DNA-and-protein structures carrying genomic information; humans have 46 (22 autosome pairs plus XX or XY), DNA wrapped around histones, basis of the Sutton-Boveri chromosome theory of inheritance.
Chromosome abnormality
Chromosome abnormality (chromosomal aberration): a numerical or structural alteration in one or more chromosomes. Includes aneuploidies such as trisomy 21 and Turner syndrome, structural changes like deletions, translocations, inversions, and rings, and modern detection by karyotype, FISH, and chromosomal microarray.
Chromosome analysis
Chromosome analysis is a cytogenetic laboratory method that examines the number and structure of chromosomes in dividing cells, most commonly by G-banded karyotyping, to diagnose constitutional and acquired chromosomal disorders.
Chromosome banding
Chromosome banding is a cytogenetic staining technique that produces a unique, reproducible light and dark pattern on each chromosome, allowing identification and detection of structural abnormalities.
Chromosome conformation capture
Chromosome conformation capture (3C), developed by Job Dekker in 2002, is a cross-linking, digestion, and ligation method measuring 3D chromatin contacts; derivatives 4C, 5C, Hi-C, and Micro-C map genome architecture from nucleosome to chromosome scale.
Chromosome conformation capture sequencing
Chromosome conformation capture sequencing (3C-seq) is a genomics method that maps long-range contacts between chromatin regions across the whole genome, producing a contact matrix from one experiment.
Chromosome engineering
Chromosome engineering is a set of genome editing techniques that deliberately rearrange, delete, or modify whole chromosomes or large chromosomal regions, used to build mouse models of human chromosomal diseases.
Chromosome painting
Chromosome painting is a cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent, chromosome-specific DNA probes to stain whole chromosomes in distinct colors, revealing translocations and complex rearrangements that banding cannot resolve.
Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology
Chromosome Research (ISSN 0967-3849 print, 1573-6849 online), founded 1993 in the Netherlands, is a Springer peer-reviewed journal on molecular, supramolecular, and evolutionary chromosome biology, indexed in MEDLINE, JIF 2.6 (2025), merged with Chromosoma in January 2026.
Chromosome Segregation
Chromosome segregation: distribution of duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells in mitosis, meiosis, and bacteria, via microtubule spindles, kinetochores, cohesin, checkpoints, and bacterial partitioning systems.
Chromosome segregation in meiosis protein 3
Csm3 (Chromosome segregation in meiosis protein 3, Csm3p) is a budding yeast replication fork protection complex subunit with Tof1 and Mrc1, homologous to Swi3 and TIPIN, required for fork stability, cohesion, and meiotic chromosome segregation.
Chromosome transfer
Chromosome transfer is a somatic cell genetics technique that moves intact chromosomes from donor cells into recipient cells, most often by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT).
Chromosome walking
Chromosome walking is a molecular biology technique that isolates a series of overlapping DNA clones from a genomic library, stepping from a known marker toward a gene of interest.
Chronic acquired pure red cell aplasia
Chronic acquired pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a rare hematologic disorder in which red cell production fails selectively, causing severe anemia while white cells and platelets stay normal.
Chronic actinic dermatitis
Chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD), also called actinic reticuloid or chronic photosensitivity dermatitis, is a rare immune-mediated photodermatosis causing itchy eczema on sun-exposed skin of older men, confirmed by phototesting and managed with strict photoprotection.
Chronic angle-closure
Chronic angle-closure, or chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), is the gradual, often silent form of angle-closure eye disease causing raised intraocular pressure and optic nerve damage; treated with laser iridotomy or lens extraction (EAGLE trial).
Chronic apical periodontitis
Chronic apical periodontitis (CAP, ICD-10 K04.5, ICD-11 DA09.71) is chronic periapical inflammation and bone destruction caused by root canal infection, usually asymptomatic, treated by root canal treatment, retreatment, or apical surgery.
Chronic appendicitis
Chronic appendicitis (ICD-11 DB10.1; grumbling or recurrent appendicitis) is a non-acute, prolonged inflammation of the appendix causing persistent right lower quadrant pain, diagnosed by history, deep palpation, histology, and relief after appendectomy.
Chronic atrial and intestinal dysrhythmia syndrome
Chronic atrial and intestinal dysrhythmia (CAID) syndrome, also called cohesinopathy affecting heart and gut rhythm, is an autosomal recessive SGOL1 K23E founder-mutation disease combining sick sinus syndrome and chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, usually onset by age 20.
Chronic atticoantral suppurative otitis media
Chronic atticoantral suppurative otitis media (ICD-11 AA91.1, ICD-10 H66.2) is the unsafe CSOM subtype with posterosuperior pars tensa or pars flaccida marginal perforation, attic and mastoid disease, cholesteatoma risk, bone erosion, and mastoidectomy treatment.
Chronic bee paralysis virus
Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) is an unclassified positive single-stranded RNA virus of adult honey bees, first isolated in 1963 by Leslie Bailey, causing trembling, hairless black bees that die within days.
Chronic beryllium disease
Chronic beryllium disease (CBD, berylliosis) is a granulomatous lung disease from immune sensitization to inhaled beryllium, first recognized in 1940s fluorescent lamp workers, diagnosed by BeLPT and biopsy, treated with corticosteroids.
Chronic bilateral vestibulopathy
Chronic bilateral vestibulopathy (BVP, bilateral vestibular hypofunction) is a chronic vestibular syndrome with bilaterally reduced angular VOR causing unsteadiness, oscillopsia, and worsening in darkness; diagnosed by vHIT gain <0.6 or caloric sum <6°/sec, treated mainly with vestibular rehabilitation.
Chronic bronchiolitis
Chronic bronchiolitis (ICD-11 CA26) is chronic inflammatory and fibrotic injury of the small airways, caused by infection, inhalation injury, drugs, transplantation, connective tissue disease, or idiopathic factors, distinct from acute infantile bronchiolitis.