72,234 articles
Cleavage (embryo)
Cleavage (embryo): the rapid mitotic divisions after fertilization that split the zygote into blastomeres. Holoblastic (total) versus meroblastic (partial) types, determined by yolk amount and distribution; radial, spiral, bilateral, rotational, discoidal, and superficial patterns.
Cleavage furrow
Cleavage furrow: equatorial indentation in animal cytokinesis, driven by an actin-myosin-II contractile ring positioned by the mitotic spindle; plants instead build a cell plate without myosin-II.
Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence
Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) is a PCR-based genotyping technique, introduced in 1993, in which restriction enzyme digestion of amplified DNA reveals SNPs as fragment length differences on a gel.
CLEC4M
CLEC4M (L-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, CD209L, CD299) is a human chromosome 19p13.2 gene encoding a type II transmembrane C-type lectin on liver and lymph node sinusoidal endothelial cells; it binds high-mannose glycans on pathogens (HIV, HCV, Ebola, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, Marburg) and clears von Willebrand factor and factor VIII.
Cleft hard palate
Cleft hard palate: congenital split of the bony front roof of the mouth, part of orofacial clefting. Also called cleft palate; affects about 1 in 1,600 US births, repaired by palatoplasty before 18 months.
Cleft lip
Cleft lip is a partial or complete fissure of the upper lip, on one side or both, forming when embryonic facial prominences fail to fuse in weeks 6 to 7.
Cleft lip and alveolus
Cleft lip and alveolus is a fissure-type embryopathy of the upper lip, nasal base, and alveolar ridge, arising in weeks 5-7 of gestation; incidence 1/4,000-1/10,000 births, twice as common in boys, treated by multidisciplinary cleft teams with secondary bone grafting.
Cleft lip and alveolus, unilateral
Unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (ICD-11 LA41): a one-sided congenital cleft of upper lip and alveolar ridge between lateral incisor and canine, treated by lip-nose repair, alveolar bone grafting, and orthodontics.
Cleft lip and cleft palate
Cleft lip and cleft palate (orofacial clefts) are birth defects from incomplete fusion of lip or palate tissue in fetal development, affecting about 1 in 1,031 US births (lip) and 1 in 1,563 (palate), treated by timed surgical repair and team care.
Cleft lip and palate-craniofacial dysmorphism-congenital heart defect-hearing loss syndrome
Cleft lip and palate-craniofacial dysmorphism-congenital heart defect-hearing loss syndrome, also called HYAL2 deficiency or Muggenthaler-Chowdhury-Chioza syndrome (OMIM 621063), is an autosomal recessive disorder from biallelic HYAL2 variants, with cleft lip/palate, cardiac anomalies, myopia, and conductive hearing loss.
Cleft lip repair
Cleft lip repair, or cheiloplasty, is the surgical reconstruction of a congenital split in the upper lip, usually performed when an infant is 3 to 5 months old.
Cleft lip, bilateral
Cleft lip, bilateral (ICD-11 LA40.1, ICD-10 Q36.0) is a congenital double fissure of the upper lip with protruded premaxilla and short columella; least common cleft laterality (6:3:1 ratio), repaired surgically in infancy.
Cleft lip, unilateral
Unilateral cleft lip: a one-sided congenital split of the upper lip, with or without cleft alveolus and palate (UCLP). Repaired by straight-line, triangular flap (Tennison-Randall), rotation-advancement (Millard), or Fisher subunit techniques.
Cleft lip/palate-ectodermal dysplasia syndrome
Cleft lip/palate-ectodermal dysplasia syndrome (CLPED1, Zlotogora-Ogur syndrome, Margarita Island ectodermal dysplasia) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by PVRL1/NECTIN1 mutations, combining cleft lip and palate, pili torti, hypohidrosis, abnormal teeth, syndactyly, and sometimes intellectual disability.
Cleft palate
Cleft palate is a congenital opening in the roof of the mouth, occurring in about 1 in 3,000 births and usually repaired surgically at 9 to 15 months.
Cleft palate-lateral synechia syndrome
Cleft palate-lateral synechia syndrome (CPLS, OMIM 119550, syngnathia) is an extremely rare congenital malformation syndrome combining cleft palate, micrognathia, and intraoral lateral synechiae; presumed autosomal dominant, treated by synechia excision and palatal closure.
Cleft rhinoplasty
Cleft rhinoplasty is a surgical procedure that corrects the nasal deformities of cleft lip and palate by repositioning displaced cartilage and septum, staged from infancy to after skeletal maturity.
Cleft velum
Cleft velum (cleft soft palate, cleft velum palatinum, ORPHA:99772, ICD-10 Q35.3) is a congenital fissure of the soft palate causing feeding problems, velopharyngeal insufficiency with hypernasal speech, and eustachian tube dysfunction with conductive hearing loss.
Cleidocranial dysostosis
Cleidocranial dysostosis, also called cleidocranial dysplasia or Marie-Sainton syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant RUNX2-related skeletal disorder with hypoplastic clavicles, open fontanelles, and supernumerary teeth, occurring in about 1 per million.
Clelia
Clelia (mussuranas) is a Neotropical genus of dipsadine colubrid snakes, type species Clelia clelia Daudin 1803, with seven recognized species from Mexico to Argentina, known for eating venomous vipers and resisting their venoms.
Clemastine
Clemastine (meclastin, Tavist) is a first-generation H1 antihistamine of the benzhydryl ether group, marketed since 1966 in Europe and 1977 in the US for allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and angioedema; sedating and anticholinergic, and repurposed as an M1-antagonist remyelination candidate for multiple sclerosis.
Clematis
Clematis, a Ranunculaceae genus of over 300 climbing and herbaceous species, is grown for year-round flowers and managed by three pruning groups based on flowering time; deep planting guards against clematis wilt.
Clematis vitalba
Clematis vitalba, old man's beard or traveller's joy, a deciduous Ranunculaceae climbing vine native from Europe to Afghanistan, creamy-white flowers and fluffy seed heads; invasive smothering weed in New Zealand and western North America.
Clemens A. Schmitt
Clemens A. Schmitt, born 1967 in Frankfurt, is a German hematologist, oncologist, and cancer researcher who has led the University Clinic for Hematology and Internal Oncology at Kepler University Hospital in Linz since 2019.
Clemens Plaschka
Clemens Plaschka is an Austrian molecular structural biologist and Senior Group Leader at the IMP in Vienna, known for Nature papers on the spliceosome and mRNA export.
Clemens Richert
Clemens Richert, born 1965 in Münster, is a German chemist who chairs Biological Chemistry at the University of Stuttgart, known for enzyme-free DNA replication and ribosome-free, RNA-directed translation.
Clemens von Pirquet
Clemens von Pirquet (1874–1929) was an Austrian pediatrician who coined the term "allergy" in 1906, devised the first tuberculin skin test, and held the chair of pediatrics at the University of Vienna.
Clement A. Finch
Clement A. Finch, known as Clem Finch, was an American hematologist at the University of Washington whose research defined how the body acquires, uses, and stores iron.
Clement B. Sledge
Clement B. Sledge (1930–2025) was an American orthopedic surgeon who built and led the orthopedics department at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston for 26 years.
Clement J. McDonald
Clement J. McDonald was an American physician and medical informatics researcher, known for creating Regenstrief Medical Record, LOINC terminology, and the Indiana Network for Patient Care.