Life and health

Cobalamin (vitamin B12)-binding domain

Cobalamin (vitamin B12)-binding domain: protein module binding cobalamin, in enzymes (base-off, Asp-X-His-X-X-Gly motif) and in transporters IF, TC, HC (base-on, Kd ~5 fM, specificity IF > TC > HC).

Cobalamin biosynthesis

Cobalamin biosynthesis: the roughly 30-step bacterial construction of vitamin B12 (cobalamin, adenosylcobalamin) from 5-aminolevulinic acid, via aerobic (cobalt-late, CobG) and anaerobic (cobalt-early, cbi) pathways.

Cobalt transport protein ATP-binding subunit

CbiO, cobalt transporter ATP-binding subunit: the ABC/ECF ATPase of the bacterial CbiMNQO cobalt import system supplying vitamin B12 biosynthesis; Walker A/B motifs, homodimeric, structures solved 2013 and 2017.

Cobb 500

Cobb 500 (Cobb500) is a fast-growing commercial broiler chicken strain from Cobb-Vantress, developed in the UK in the 1970s and introduced to the US in 1984; a top global strain alongside Ross 308, with 70.8 g/day gain and high breast meat yield.

Sep 29, 2026

Cobb angle measurement

The Cobb angle is the standard radiographic measure of scoliosis severity, taken between the most tilted vertebrae on a frontal X-ray; curves above 10° define scoliosis.

Cobia

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum), also called ling or crabeater, the sole species of family Rachycentridae, a fast-growing cosmopolitan pelagic gamefish and farmed food fish reaching 6 feet, absent from the central and eastern Pacific.

Cobimetinib

Cobimetinib (Cotellic, GDC-0973, XL518), an allosteric MEK1/2 inhibitor by Exelixis and Genentech, approved 2015 with vemurafenib for BRAF V600-mutant melanoma and as single agent for histiocytic neoplasms.

Cobitidae

Cobitidae (ドジョウ科), spined loaches, a Cypriniformes family of small elongated Eurasian freshwater fish with a movable bifurcated suborbital spine; greatest diversity in Southeast Asia, 150-230 species, unsettled genus limits.

Cobitolimod

Cobitolimod (DIMS0150, Kappaproct), an InDex Pharmaceuticals topical DNA oligonucleotide TLR9 agonist enema for left-sided ulcerative colitis; phase 2b CONDUCT met its endpoint at 250 mg, but phase 3 CONCLUDE failed and development was discontinued in 2024.

Coblopasvir hydrochloride

Coblopasvir hydrochloride (盐酸可洛派韦, brand name Kailiwei) is a Chinese-developed NS5A inhibitor, approved in February 2020 and taken once daily with sofosbuvir for 12 weeks to treat chronic hepatitis C.

COBRA

COBRA (COB) is an Arabidopsis GPI-anchored, plant-specific protein regulating oriented cell expansion and cellulose microfibril deposition in roots; founder of the 12-member COBRA-LIKE family found across plants.

Coca

Coca (Erythroxylum coca, E. novogranatense; Spanish coca, 古柯) is a South American shrub whose cocaine-bearing leaves have been chewed for 8,000 years; four cultivated varieties contain 0.11-1.02% cocaine.

Cocaethylene

Cocaethylene (ethylcocaine) is an active, toxic metabolite formed in the liver when cocaine and alcohol are used together; longer half-life than cocaine, dopamine uptake blocker, linked to 18-25 fold higher sudden death risk.

Cocaine

Cocaine, also known as methylbenzoylecgonine, is a stimulant drug derived from coca leaves, first isolated in 1859, used as a local anesthetic and widely abused.

Cocaine Bear (bear)

Cocaine Bear, or Pablo Escobear, was a 175-pound female black bear that died of acute cocaine intoxication in Georgia's Chattahoochee National Forest in fall 1985 after eating cocaine dumped by smuggler Andrew Thornton; its taxidermy is in Lexington, Kentucky, and it inspired the 2023 film.

Cocaine dependence

Cocaine dependence, now diagnosed as cocaine use disorder (CUD), is compulsive cocaine use with impaired control and craving. No approved medications exist; contingency management is the best-supported treatment.

Cocaine embryofetopathy

Cocaine embryofetopathy, also called fetal cocaine syndrome, is a collection of clinical features in infants exposed to cocaine before birth, including low birth weight, seizures, and feeding difficulties.

Cocaine intoxication

Cocaine intoxication: acute toxic state from the coca-derived stimulant cocaine (crack), causing euphoria, agitation, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, seizures, and cardiac complications; treated supportively with benzodiazepines, cooling, and sodium bicarbonate.

Cocaine withdrawal

Cocaine withdrawal (ICD-11 6C45.4) is the symptom cluster after stopping or reducing cocaine in dependent or heavy users: dysphoria, fatigue, sleep disturbance, increased appetite, and craving, peaking in 2 to 4 days, usually not life-threatening, with no approved medication.

Cocaine-associated acute coronary syndrome

Cocaine-associated acute coronary syndrome is unstable angina or heart attack triggered by cocaine use, typically affecting younger patients and managed differently, with beta-blockers generally avoided early.

Cocaine-induced anxiety disorder

Cocaine-induced anxiety disorder (ICD-11 6C45.71; ICD-10-CM F14.280) is a substance-induced anxiety disorder with symptoms arising during or soon after cocaine intoxication or withdrawal, exceeding intoxication/withdrawal anxiety and not better explained by a primary anxiety disorder.

Cocaine-induced delirium

Cocaine-induced delirium, ICD-11 code 6C45.5, is an acute disturbance of attention and awareness developing during or soon after cocaine intoxication or withdrawal. Covers diagnostic criteria, ICD-10 crosswalk codes, differential diagnosis, and the disputed related term excited delirium.

Cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions

Cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions (CIMDL) are necrotizing midfacial lesions from snorted cocaine, causing septal perforation in 99.2% of cases, mimicking granulomatosis with polyangiitis, marked by HNE-ANCA, treated only by abstinence.

Cocaine-induced mood disorder

Cocaine-induced mood disorder (ICD-11 6C45.70) is a substance-induced psychiatric diagnosis with depressive, manic, or mixed mood symptoms arising during or soon after cocaine intoxication or withdrawal, distinct from independent depression.

Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder

Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder (ICD-11 6C45.6, CIPD): psychosis with delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized behavior arising during or soon after cocaine intoxication or withdrawal, linked to dopamine transporter blockade, with about 25% of substance-induced psychoses transitioning to schizophrenia.