Life and health

Co-immunoprecipitation

Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) is a bench biology method that uses an antibody to pull a target protein and its bound partners out of native cell lysate.

CO-MED (Combining Medications to Enhance Depression Outcomes) trial: 2011 NIMH-funded, single-blind randomized study of 665 outpatients with chronic or recurrent major depression; two antidepressant combinations (bupropion-escitalopram, venlafaxine-mirtazapine) showed no remission advantage over escitalopram monotherapy.

CO-methylating acetyl-CoA synthase

CO-methylating acetyl-CoA synthase (EC 2.3.1.169, ACS) is the nickel enzyme of the CODH/ACS complex that condenses CO, a CFeSP-derived methyl group, and CoA into acetyl-CoA in the ancient Wood–Ljungdahl pathway.

CO-oximetry

CO-oximetry is a spectrophotometric laboratory method that measures fractions of oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and methemoglobin in a blood sample, detecting carbon monoxide poisoning and methemoglobinemia.

CO13Hepavih study

ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH, a French nationwide prospective cohort started in 2005 of HIV-HCV co-infected patients (about 1,859 enrolled), tracking liver disease, mortality, DAA treatment outcomes, and socio-behavioral determinants.

CO2 fertilization effect

The CO2 fertilization effect is the boost to photosynthesis and plant growth from rising atmospheric carbon dioxide, which raised global plant carbon uptake about 13.5% between 1981 and 2020.

CO2 laser therapy

CO2 laser therapy is a dermatologic and surgical treatment that uses a carbon dioxide laser to vaporize or resurface skin, treating acne scars, warts, wrinkles, and lesions.

CoA-binding

CoA-binding (InterPro IPR003781, SMART SM00881, Pfam PF02629) is a Rossmann-fold protein domain binding coenzyme A, found in succinyl-CoA synthetases, ATP-citrate ligases, and bacterial Rex repressors, mostly in bacteria.

Oct 22, 2026

Coacervate protocell

A coacervate protocell is an artificial, cell-mimicking compartment made from a coacervate droplet, first proposed by Alexander Oparin, that concentrates molecules and models how early cells may have emerged.

COACH trial

COACH (NCT02107443, URCC 13070) was a nationwide cluster-randomized trial led by Supriya Mohile via the URCC NCORP, testing geriatric assessment summaries with recommendations for oncologists treating patients 70+ with advanced cancer; it improved patient and caregiver communication satisfaction.

Coagulation

Coagulation: blood clotting via platelet-fibrin plug formation. Modeled historically by the 1960s cascade and currently by the Hoffman-Monroe cell-based model (initiation, amplification, propagation), with anticoagulant regulation and fibrinolysis.

Coagulation pathway

Coagulation pathway: the blood clotting sequence producing thrombin and fibrin. Described by the 1964 intrinsic/extrinsic cascade model and the 2001 Hoffman-Monroe cell-based model with initiation, amplification, and propagation phases.

Coagulin

Coagulin is the insoluble clot protein of horseshoe crab blood, formed when the clotting enzyme cleaves coagulogen, releasing peptide C; monomers polymerize head-to-tail into a gel used in the LAL endotoxin test.

Coagulopathy

Coagulopathy, a blood clotting disorder impairing hemostasis; acquired forms (liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, DIC, anticoagulants) are more common than inherited ones such as von Willebrand disease and hemophilia.

Coal tit

Coal tit (Periparus ater), a small Eurasian and North African tit of conifer woodland, black cap, white nape patch, about 9 g; famous food hoarder, stable Least Concern population of 90-159 million mature individuals.

Coalescent theory

Coalescent theory is a mathematical framework in population genetics that traces the genealogy of DNA samples backward in time, relating coalescence times to population size.

Oct 15, 2026

Coalworker's pneumoconiosis

Coalworker's pneumoconiosis, commonly called black lung disease, is an occupational lung disease in which inhaled coal mine dust scars the lungs, ranging from simple disease to progressive massive fibrosis.

COAPT trial

COAPT trial (NCT01626079): randomized trial of MitraClip transcatheter edge-to-edge repair plus GDMT versus GDMT alone in heart failure with severe secondary mitral regurgitation; showed reduced hospitalization and mortality, contrasting with MITRA-FR.

Coarctation of the aorta

Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a congenital narrowing of the aorta near the ductus arteriosus, 5-8% of congenital heart disease, treated by surgery, balloon angioplasty, or stenting, with lifelong hypertension risk.

Coarctation repair

Coarctation repair is the surgical or catheter-based correction of coarctation of the aorta, a congenital narrowing of the aortic isthmus accounting for up to 8% of congenital heart disease.

COAST-V trial

COAST-V (NCT02696785), a phase 3 Eli Lilly trial of ixekizumab (Taltz) in bDMARD-naive radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: 341 patients, ASAS40 52%/48% at week 16 versus 18% placebo.

Oct 20, 2026

Coastal environment

Coastal environment: the areas where land meets the sea, including tidal wetlands, estuaries, bays, mangrove swamps, and in-shore reefs; habitats under stress from pollution, habitat loss, and climate change, managed through integrated frameworks such as ICM and DPSIR.

Coastal giant salamander

Coastal giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus), also called Pacific giant salamander, a large stream salamander from southwestern British Columbia to Mendocino County, California; largest Canadian salamander, up to 35 cm, vocal, COSEWIC Threatened in Canada.

Coastal taipan

Coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus), also called eastern taipan: a large, highly venomous Australian and southern New Guinea elapid snake, averaging about 2 m, with neurotoxic and procoagulant venom, 120 mg average yield, and CSL antivenom since 1956.

COASY protein-associated neurodegeneration

COASY protein-associated neurodegeneration (CoPAN, NBIA6, OMIM 615643) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive childhood-onset neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation caused by COASY mutations impairing the final steps of coenzyme A biosynthesis.

Coat of arms of Mexico

Coat of arms of Mexico (Escudo Nacional): golden eagle on a flowering nopal devouring a rattlesnake, from the 1325 Tenochtitlan founding legend; legally fixed design, redesigned 1968 by Francisco Eppens Helguera.

Coat protein, P (projecting) domain

Coat protein P (projecting) domain: the outer protruding domain of jellyroll plant virus coat proteins (TBSV, TCV) and the peripheral P-domain of HK97-fold phage coat proteins such as P22.

Coati

Coati (Nasua, formerly also Nasuella), also called coatimundi, a social procyonid mammal from Arizona to Argentina with a long mobile snout; females live in bands while adult males are solitary, unlike raccoons and kinkajous.

Coats disease

Coats disease is a rare retinal disorder, described by George Coats in 1908, in which abnormal vessels leak lipid-rich exudate and can cause retinal detachment and vision loss.