72,234 articles
Consecutive case series
A consecutive case series is an observational clinical study design in which all eligible patients over a defined period are enrolled and their outcomes described, with no control group.
Consensus PCR
Consensus PCR is a polymerase chain reaction approach using primers designed from regions conserved across aligned homologous sequences, so one primer pair amplifies related gene-family members or divergent viral variants.
Consensus Sequence
Consensus sequence: a representative DNA, RNA, or protein sequence taking the most frequent residue at each aligned position; used for motifs, CODEHOP primers, and protein design, but weak for motif search.
Consequences of the Black Death
Consequences of the Black Death: the 1347–1353 Yersinia pestis pandemic killed 30–60% of affected populations, then raised wages, helped end western European serfdom, drove the Little and Great Divergences, and reshaped religion, art, and the state.
Conservation biological control
Conservation biological control manages habitats, crops, and pesticide use to increase natural enemies like parasitoid wasps already living on a farm, without releasing new ones.
Conservation biology
Conservation biology is a mission-oriented, crisis-driven scientific discipline protecting and restoring biodiversity, combining biology with economics, anthropology, psychology, and history; it emerged in the late 1970s and underpins the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
Conservation International
Conservation International (CI), founded 1987 by Peter Seligmann and Spencer Beebe, is an Arlington, Virginia-based nonprofit protecting nature for people; 13 million km² protected, offices in 35 countries, budget over $300 million.
Conservation movement
Conservation movement: organized effort to protect nature and natural resources, begun as US politics around 1900 with Muir, Roosevelt, Sierra Club, and national parks, later globalized via community-based conservation and the 30x30 Kunming-Montreal framework.
Conservation of Cycas
Conservation of Cycas covers threats to the cycad genus Cycas: habitat destruction, harvesting for leaves and horticulture, invasive pests, and illegal trade that bypasses CITES protections.
Conservation of dendrobatid frogs
Conservation of dendrobatid frogs covers efforts to protect poison dart frogs, 22.1% of whose 285 species are endangered, mainly from habitat loss and chytrid fungus.
Conservation of fungi
Conservation of fungi: protecting fungal species and habitats via the IUCN Red List, law, and policy. 1,302 fungi assessed by 2025, 411 threatened; threats include habitat loss, pollution, climate change.
Conservation of marine mussels
Conservation of marine mussels protects blue mussel beds, which provide habitat for other species, from ocean acidification, marine heatwaves, fishing, and invasive mussels, using restoration methods like reseeding and habitat protection.
Conservation of Torreya and Amentotaxus
Conservation of Torreya and Amentotaxus covers programs protecting two threatened yew-family conifers: the endangered Florida torreya, down over 98% since the 1900s, and the rare Asian catkin yews.
Conservation of velvet worms
Conservation of velvet worms covers efforts to protect the roughly 200 species of Onychophora, humid-forest predators that die when habitat dries or burns; only 11 species have global IUCN assessments.
Conservation policy
Conservation policy: institutionalized practices influencing nature conservation, from Yellowstone (1872) and the CBD (1992) to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022), its 30x30 target, instruments, implementation gaps, and progress.
Conservation status
A conservation status is a formal rating of the extinction risk of a species, subspecies, or ecosystem, best known through the IUCN Red List established in 1964.
Conservation status of amphibians
The conservation status of amphibians is assessed through the IUCN Red List, which places 41% of amphibian species in threatened categories, the highest share of any vertebrate class.
Conservative Treatment
Conservative treatment (conservative management, conservative therapy) is non-surgical care of a condition using exercise, physical therapy, medication, bracing, and injections, usually tried before surgery; comparative trials show similar function to surgery for many musculoskeletal conditions.
Conserved non-coding sequence
Conserved non-coding sequences (CNEs, conserved non-coding elements) are non-protein-coding DNA stretches maintained by purifying selection across species. About 3.5% of the human genome is CNEs; they act mostly as developmental enhancers in genomic regulatory blocks.
Conserved oligomeric Golgi complex subunit 8
COG8 (DOR1, CDG2H), human gene ID 84342 on chromosome 16, encodes subunit 8 of the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) vesicle-tethering complex; with COG1 it bridges the two lobes, and mutations cause CDG-IIh.
Conserved Sequence
A conserved sequence is a stretch of amino acids or nucleotides similar across species, preserved by evolution because it performs an essential biological function in genes.
Consolidation Chemotherapy
Consolidation chemotherapy (also called intensification or postremission therapy) is treatment given after induction puts cancer into remission, to kill remaining cells. Standard in acute leukemia; in myeloma and solid tumors its survival benefit varies by disease.
CONSORT statement
The CONSORT statement (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) is a reporting guideline for randomized controlled trial reports, endorsed by more than 400 journals since 1996; the current version is CONSORT 2025.
Consortin
Consortin (CNST, C1orf71, PPP1R64) is an intrinsically disordered integral membrane protein at the trans-Golgi network that acts as the first TGN cargo receptor for connexins, binding GGA1/GGA2 and directing connexin trafficking to the plasma membrane.
Constance Brinckerhoff
Constance E. Brinckerhoff is an American biochemist and cancer researcher, emeritus professor of medicine at Dartmouth, known for work on collagenase and MMPs in arthritis and cancer.
Constance D. Lehman
Constance D. Lehman, known as Connie Lehman, is an American breast imaging radiologist, Professor at Harvard Medical School and Chief of Breast Imaging at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Constance L. Cepko
Constance L. Cepko is an American developmental biologist and geneticist who traced how the retina's cells arise from common progenitors and developed gene therapies for inherited blindness.
Constantin Levaditi
Constantin Levaditi (1874–1953) was a Romanian-born French physician and immunologist at the Pasteur Institute whose polio work with Landsteiner laid ground for vaccines, and whose silver stain and bismuth therapy transformed syphilis diagnosis and treatment.
Constantin von Economo
Baron Constantin von Economo von San Serff (1876–1931) was an Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist who defined encephalitis lethargica in 1917 and co-authored the 1925 atlas of the human cerebral cortex.
Constantin von Monakow
Constantin von Monakow (1853–1930) was a Russian-born Swiss neurologist and neuroanatomist who directed the Brain Anatomy Institute in Zurich and introduced diaschisis, used in modern stroke research.