72,234 articles
COOBA trial
COOBA (NCT04112251), Effects of COcoa Supplement in OBese Adolescent Subjects: Mexican randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of 500 mg cocoa flavonol capsules (100 mg/day epicatechin) for 12 weeks in obese adolescents aged 10–16, measuring body fat, TG/HDL-C, and HOMA-IR; completed 2020, sponsor National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico.
Cookiecutter shark
Cookiecutter shark (Isistius brasiliensis), cigar shark, a small mesopelagic squaliform shark of tropical and subtropical oceans that removes plugs of flesh from large prey, leaving crater wounds; feeds mainly on small micronekton, bioluminescent, has bitten swimmers and submarines.
Cooking banana
Cooking banana, or plantain and related starchy Musa cultivars (AAB, ABB, East African AAA), is a banana eaten cooked rather than raw, a staple carbohydrate across the tropics with fufu, steamed matoke, and fried preparations.
Cooks syndrome
Cooks syndrome (anonychia-onychodystrophy with hypoplasia or absence of distal phalanges, ODP, OMIM 106995) is an extremely rare autosomal dominant congenital disorder of nails and distal phalanges, linked to 17q24.3/SOX9 regulatory duplications, with fewer than 20 reported cases.
Cool-Down Exercise (procedure)
Cool-down exercise: a procedure of tapering physical activity from vigorous to light after exercise, also called warm-down. Active cool-downs speed blood lactate clearance and cardiovascular recovery but do not reduce soreness or injuries.
Cooled radiofrequency ablation
Cooled radiofrequency ablation is a minimally invasive pain treatment using a water-cooled electrode to create larger nerve lesions, used for sacroiliac, facet, and knee pain.
Coolidge effect
Coolidge effect: renewal of sexual motivation in a satiated animal when a novel partner appears; named via a Calvin Coolidge anecdote, first shown in rats by Beach and Jordan (1956), studied across species and in human preference research.
Coombs test
Coombs test, or antiglobulin test (direct DAT, indirect IAT), detects non-agglutinating antibodies against red blood cells using antihuman globulin; described by Coombs, Mourant, and Race in 1945 for Rh antibodies, used in hemolytic anemia, transfusion testing, and hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Coonhound
Coonhound: six AKC-recognized American scent hound breeds (American English, Black and Tan, Bluetick, Plott, Redbone, Treeing Walker) bred to trail raccoons and tree them with baying; all but the German-derived Plott descend from British foxhounds.
COOP-DANCE trial
COOP-DANCE (NCT06644690) was a Turkish assessor-blinded pilot RCT testing CO-OP occupational therapy plus creative dance versus CO-OP alone in 26 older adults with mild cognitive impairment; no executive-function benefit.
Cooper test
Cooper test, or Cooper 12-minute run, devised by Kenneth H. Cooper in 1968 for the US Air Force; distance covered in 12 minutes estimates VO2max (original correlation 0.897), with a 1.5-mile run variant.
Cooper's hawk
Cooper's hawk (Astur cooperii, formerly Accipiter cooperii), a medium-sized North American bird-hunting raptor, 220–680 g, strongly size-dimorphic, moved to genus Astur in 2025, common urban nester, IUCN Least Concern.
Cooper's ligaments
Cooper's ligaments, the suspensory ligaments of the breast (ligamenta suspensoria), are collagenous strands described by Astley Cooper in 1840 that tether the breast skin to the pectoral fascia, providing support, shape, and skin tethering in cancer.
Cooperation
Cooperation: costly acts benefiting others, explained by Hamilton's rule, kin selection, reciprocity, and group selection, and stabilized between species by partner choice and sanctions against cheaters.
Cooperative binding
Cooperative binding is the phenomenon in which one ligand binding to a macromolecule with multiple sites changes the affinity of later bindings, as with oxygen and hemoglobin.
Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology
Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology: 1986 US federal policy assigning biotech product oversight to EPA, FDA, and USDA under existing laws, updated 1992 and 2017, reformed under Executive Order 14081.
Coot
Coot (genus Fulica, family Rallidae): plump, chickenlike waterbirds with white bills, frontal shields, and lobed toes instead of webbed feet; includes the American Coot (mud hen), Fulica americana.
Cop c 1
Cop c 1 is an 11 kDa leucine zipper protein allergen of the shaggy mane mushroom Coprinus comatus, the first recombinant basidiomycete allergen, IgE-binding in 25% of basidiomycete-sensitized sera, distinct from Cop 1 (glatiramer).
COP9 signalosome complex subunit 3
COP9 signalosome complex subunit 3 (CSN3, COPS3) is a PCI-domain subunit of the eight-subunit COP9 signalosome, essential for complex stability; not the human CSN3 casein kappa gene.
COPA
COPA (coat protein complex I subunit alpha; HGNC:2230, Gene ID 1314) is a human protein-coding gene at 1q23.2 encoding alpha-COP of the COPI vesicle coat for Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport; heterozygous mutations cause COPA syndrome, an autoinflammatory interstitial lung and arthritis disease.
Copaifera
Copaifera, first published in 1762, is a genus of about 41 accepted legume tree species of tropical America, Africa, and Borneo, known for the copaiba oleoresin tapped from their trunks.
Copanlisib
Copanlisib (Aliqopa, BAY 80-6946) is an intravenous PI3K-alpha/delta inhibitor approved by FDA in 2017 for relapsed follicular lymphoma; approval was withdrawn in March 2024 after CHRONOS-4 failed.
COPD trial (NCT03773809)
NCT03773809, a completed blinded randomized trial at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, tested 40,000 IU vitamin D3 versus placebo for heart rate variability in vitamin D-deficient asthma-COPD overlap patients, with published improvements in HRV.
COPD-LTOT trial
COPD-LTOT (NCT03020212) is a completed randomized trial by Fundación Neumológica Colombiana testing long-term oxygen therapy in 220 COPD patients with PaO2 50–55 mm Hg living at 2,640 m in Bogotá, evaluating adjusted oxygen criteria via pulmonary hypertension and erythrocytosis outcomes.
COPDGene study
COPDGene (Genetic Epidemiology of COPD) study: NHLBI-funded US multicenter cohort of over 10,000 smokers (NCT00608764) begun 2007, using spirometry, genome-wide genotyping, and inspiratory/expiratory CT to find genetic factors and phenotypes of COPD.
Copepod
Copepods (subclass Copepoda) are tiny aquatic crustaceans, 0.2–10 mm, the most abundant zooplankton group, key food-web links, parasites, bioindicators, and live feed in aquaculture.
Copepods as live feed in aquaculture
Copepods are small crustaceans used as live feed for marine fish larvae in aquaculture hatcheries, richer in essential fatty acids than rotifers and Artemia but harder to produce at scale.
Copepods in aquatic food webs
Copepods in aquatic food webs describes how copepods, small crustaceans that make up about 80% of marine zooplankton biomass, transfer energy from phytoplankton to fish.
Copernicia
Copernicia (Brazilian wax palm) is a genus of fan-leaved palms native to the Caribbean and South Tropical America; its species C. prunifera, the carnauba palm of northeastern Brazil, yields carnauba wax used in cosmetics, food, and polishes.
COPI
COPI (coatomer, coat protein complex I) is a heptameric vesicle coat recruited to Golgi membranes by the Arf1 GTPase, mediating retrograde Golgi-to-ER and intra-Golgi transport via KDEL receptor and dilysine cargo signals.