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Corn smut
Corn smut, also known as huitlacoche, is a plant disease of maize caused by the fungus Ustilago maydis; its immature galls are eaten as a delicacy in Mexico.
Corn snake
Corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus, formerly Elaphe guttata), a non-venomous southeastern US rat snake, 3-4 ft, rodent-eating constrictor, IUCN Least Concern, popular pet with many color morphs, captive lifespan over 32 years.
Corn starch
Corn starch (cornstarch, maize starch) is the starch from corn endosperm, about 80% of world starch production; granules 5–30 µm, 25–28% amylose, gelatinizes at 45–80 °C, used as thickener and industrial raw material.
Corn steep liquor
Corn steep liquor (CSL, condensed fermented corn extractives, CAS 66071-94-1) is a byproduct of corn wet milling: concentrated water-soluble corn steep extracts rich in amino acids and lactic acid, used in animal feed and fermentation media such as penicillin production.
Corn syrup
Corn syrup, also called glucose syrup, is made by partial hydrolysis of corn starch with acids or enzymes, yielding glucose, maltose, and higher saccharides; essentially 100% glucose, GRAS-affirmed, and the base for HFCS 42 and HFCS 55.
Corn tortilla
Corn tortilla: unleavened Mesoamerican flatbread of nixtamalized maize (masa), defined by Mexican NOM standards; ~30 g, 60 kcal each; staple of Mexico, base of the taco.
Cornaceae
Cornaceae (dogwood family), synonym Alangiaceae, a Cornales family of trees and shrubs with two accepted genera, Cornus and Alangium, inferior-ovaried 4-merous flowers, drupaceous fruit, and a late Cretaceous Northern Hemisphere origin.
Cornales
Cornales, the dogwood order, earliest-diverging asterid order of flowering plants; 10 families, 42 genera, ~605 species in five clades; mid-Cretaceous origin with rapid radiation and rich late Cretaceous fossil record.
Cornea
Cornea: transparent front tissue of the eye, major refractive element; five layers including non-regenerating endothelium; site of keratoplasty, first performed by Zirm in 1905, now supplemented by endothelial cell therapy.
Corneal abrasion
Corneal abrasion, a scratch of the corneal epithelium, is a common eye injury from trauma, foreign bodies, or contact lenses. Diagnosed with fluorescein and slit lamp; heals in 1-3 days; patching not recommended and antibiotic benefit unproven.
Corneal abscess
Corneal abscess, a suppurative form of infectious keratitis appearing as a white corneal opacity, caused by bacteria, fungi, or parasites; diagnosed by corneal scraping or suture sampling, treated with fortified topical antibiotics and sometimes keratoplasty.
Corneal collagen cross-linking
Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) is an ophthalmic procedure that stiffens the cornea using riboflavin and UVA light, halting progression of keratoconus and post-LASIK ectasia; the original Dresden protocol remains the reference standard.
Corneal deformities
Corneal deformities (ICD-11 9A78.5) are abnormal corneal shapes, chiefly keratoconus (9A78.50) and corneal staphyloma (9A78.51), causing blurred vision and irregular astigmatism, treated with lenses or keratoplasty.
Corneal degeneration
Corneal degeneration (ICD-10 H18.4, ICD-11 9A78.4) covers acquired corneal changes from aging, metabolism, or inflammation, unlike hereditary dystrophies; examples include arcus senilis, band keratopathy, and Salzmann nodular degeneration.
Corneal densitometry
Corneal densitometry is an ophthalmic imaging measurement that quantifies backscattered light from the cornea using a rotating Scheimpflug camera, used to follow corneal opacity in keratoconus and after cross-linking.
Corneal dystrophy-perceptive deafness syndrome
Corneal dystrophy-perceptive deafness syndrome, or Harboyan syndrome (CDPD), is a rare autosomal recessive SLC4A11 disorder combining congenital corneal endothelial dystrophy with progressive postlingual sensorineural hearing loss, OMIM 217400.
Corneal endothelial cell
Corneal endothelial cell: the hexagonal, ~5 µm-thick posterior corneal monolayer (neural crest origin) whose Na+/K+-ATPase pump keeps the cornea clear; density falls from ~3,000 to ~2,500 cells/mm², measured by specular microscopy, replaceable by cell injection therapy approved in Japan.
Corneal endotheliitis
Corneal endotheliitis is inflammation centered on the corneal endothelium, the cell layer keeping the cornea clear, causing corneal edema; most cases are viral, chiefly herpesviruses like cytomegalovirus, and delayed treatment risks irreversible endothelial cell loss.
Corneal epithelial cell
Corneal epithelial cell, also called corneal epithelial cell (CEC); a cell of the corneal epithelium, the 50 μm, 5–7-layer nonkeratinized ectodermal barrier renewing the eye's front surface from limbal stem cells, distinct from conjunctival and endothelial cells.
Corneal neovascularization
Corneal neovascularization: abnormal ingrowth of new blood vessels from the limbus into the normally avascular cornea, caused by hypoxia, inflammation, infection, or graft rejection; treated with steroids, anti-VEGF agents, and laser therapy.
Corneal oedema
Corneal oedema (corneal edema) is excess water in the cornea causing swelling and loss of transparency, mainly from endothelial dysfunction (Fuchs dystrophy, bullous keratopathy, cataract surgery). Treated with hypertonic saline or endothelial keratoplasty.
Corneal pachymetry
Corneal pachymetry is the measurement of corneal thickness, most often central thickness of about 540 µm, using ultrasound or optical instruments to assess glaucoma risk and screen for refractive surgery.
Corneal reflex
The corneal reflex, also called the blink reflex, closes both eyelids when the cornea is touched, protecting the eye and testing cranial nerves V and VII.
Corneal scars or opacities
Corneal scars or opacities (leukoma; ICD-10 H17, ICD-11 9A77) are loss of corneal transparency from scarring by infectious, inflammatory, congenital, dystrophic, or traumatic causes, treated mainly by keratoplasty.
Corneal staphyloma
Corneal staphyloma (anterior staphyloma) is a rare ectatic, uveal-lined bulging of an opaque cornea, congenital or acquired after corneal perforation, treated by sclerokeratoplasty or penetrating keratoplasty rather than evisceration.
Corneal tattooing
Corneal tattooing, or keratopigmentation, deposits pigment into the corneal stroma to disguise corneal scars, mask iris-defect symptoms, or change eye color; practiced since Galen, modernized by Von Wecker in 1869, with no FDA-approved pigments.
Corneal tomography
Corneal tomography is an ophthalmic imaging method that reconstructs a 3D model of the cornea and anterior segment, and the current standard for detecting keratoconus and screening refractive surgery candidates.
Corneal topography
Corneal topography is a non-invasive, computer-aided imaging method that maps the front surface of the cornea, used to diagnose keratoconus and screen candidates for laser refractive surgery.
Corneal transplantation
Corneal transplantation (keratoplasty) replaces diseased corneal tissue with donor cornea. First done by Eduard Zirm in 1905; types include PK, DALK, DSAEK, and DMEK; global supply is 1 cornea per 70 needed.
Corneal ulcer
Corneal ulcer (ulcerative keratitis): an open sore on the cornea, usually infectious (bacterial, viral, fungal, Acanthamoeba), an ocular emergency. Contact lens wear is the leading risk factor; treated with intensive topical antibiotics.