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Coromandel, New Zealand
Coromandel, New Zealand: historic gold-rush town on the Coromandel Peninsula, named for HMS Coromandel; 1852 rush, 1862 goldfield, boom population 10,000, now tourism and mussel farming.
Corona of glans penis
The corona of glans penis, or corona glandis, is the rounded projecting border at the base of the glans penis, the widest part of the glans.
Corona radiata
The corona radiata is the fan-shaped sheet of white matter projection fibers going to and from the cerebral cortex, radiating from and converging downward into the internal capsule.
Coronary angiography
Coronary angiography is an invasive X-ray procedure in which contrast dye is injected into the coronary arteries through a catheter to visualize blockages and guide treatment of coronary artery disease.
Coronary angioplasty
Coronary angioplasty, now usually called percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), is a catheter-based procedure that widens a narrowed coronary artery, usually placing a stent to keep it open.
Coronary arterial fistula
Coronary arterial fistula, or coronary artery fistula (CAVF/CAF), is an abnormal coronary-to-chamber or coronary-to-vessel connection bypassing the capillary bed; mostly congenital, causing coronary steal, heart failure, endocarditis, treated by follow-up, surgery, or transcatheter closure.
Coronary arteries
Coronary arteries: the left main and right coronary arteries, first branches of the aorta supplying the heart muscle; LAD, circumflex, dominance, variants (about 1–2% prevalence), and coronary artery disease.
Coronary artery aneurysm
Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA), related to coronary artery ectasia, is a focal coronary dilatation over 1.5 times the adjacent segment; usually atherosclerotic in adults, Kawasaki-related in children, managed medically, percutaneously, or surgically.
Coronary artery anomaly
Coronary artery anomaly: congenital abnormality of coronary origin, course, termination, or morphology (AAOCA, ALCAPA, fistula, myocardial bridge). Prevalence about 1–2%; interarterial/intramural courses risk sudden cardiac death in young athletes.
Coronary artery bypass surgery
Coronary artery bypass surgery, or CABG, is open-heart surgery grafting a vessel to bypass blocked coronary arteries. Pioneered by Carrel, Kolessov, and Favaloro (1967), it remains the most common cardiac operation, with better long-term survival than PCI in multivessel disease.
Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease, also called coronary heart disease or ischaemic heart disease, is plaque buildup narrowing the heart's arteries. It caused 9.5 million deaths worldwide in 2023 and is treated with statins, lifestyle change, and sometimes revascularization.
Coronary artery dissection
Coronary artery dissection (ICD-11 BA82), including spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD): a tear or intramural hematoma in a coronary artery wall causing lumen compression, mainly affecting young women, treated conservatively unless unstable.
Coronary atherectomy
Coronary atherectomy is a catheter-based procedure that removes or ablates atherosclerotic plaque from coronary arteries, used mainly to modify severely calcified lesions so a stent can be delivered.
Coronary care unit
Coronary care unit (CCU), also cardiac care unit, a hospital ward with continuous ECG monitoring and resuscitation for acute cardiac patients, pioneered by Desmond Julian in the early 1960s and evolved into the cardiac intensive care unit.
Coronary catheterization
Coronary catheterization (cardiac catheterization with coronary angiography) threads catheters from the radial or femoral artery to the heart to image coronary blockages and enable PCI; major complication rate 1.70%, radial access now preferred in ACS.
Coronary circulation
Coronary circulation: the arteries, capillaries, and veins supplying the myocardium, about 5% of cardiac output, with diastolic-dominant flow, high oxygen extraction, autoregulation, collateral vessels, and microvascular dysfunction assessment.
Coronary CT angiography
Coronary CT angiography (CCTA, coronary CTA) is a contrast-enhanced CT test visualizing coronary lumen and wall to rule out obstructive CAD; ESC 2024 prefers it first-line, with reduced MI but more downstream angiography versus stress testing.
Coronary CT calcium scan
Coronary CT calcium scan (coronary artery calcium scan, CAC test): a non-contrast ECG-gated CT heart scan quantifying coronary calcified plaque as an Agatston score to refine cardiovascular risk and statin decisions in asymptomatic adults; CAC=0 means low 10-year risk, CAC≥100 means secondary-prevention-level risk.
Coronary endarterectomy
Coronary endarterectomy (CE) is direct removal of atherosclerotic plaque from a coronary artery, first reported in a patient by Bailey in 1957. Used as an adjunct to CABG for diffuse coronary disease; higher short-term risk, lower graft patency, comparable long-term survival.
Coronary microvascular dysfunction
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is impaired blood flow through the heart's smallest arteries, causing chest pain with unobstructed arteries, mostly in women, and raising risks of heart attack and death.
Coronary ostial stenosis or atresia
Coronary ostial stenosis or atresia (COSA), congenital coronary arterial orifice stenosis or atresia: rare congenital partial or total occlusion of a coronary ostium with proximal hypoplasia, left-sided predominance, ischemia risk, surgical repair.
Coronary sinus
Coronary sinus: the 3-5 cm venous channel in the posterior left atrioventricular groove draining most cardiac venous blood to the right atrium; remnant of the left sinus horn, guarded by the Thebesian valve, key route for pacing leads and ablation.
Coronary sinus atresia
Coronary sinus atresia, or coronary sinus ostial atresia (CSOA), is a rare congenital heart defect in which the coronary sinus ends blindly at the right atrium, draining instead via a persistent left superior vena cava; benign alone but critical in cardiac surgery and CRT lead placement.
Coronary sinus stenosis
Coronary sinus stenosis, a rare congenital narrowing of the coronary sinus at its ostium, lumen, or origin; causes angina, dyspnea, cyanosis; associated with fistulas and unroofed coronary sinus; ICD-10 Q21.1.
Coronary stent
A coronary stent, also called a heart stent, is a small wire mesh tube placed in a coronary artery to keep it open and maintain blood flow.
Coronary thrombosis
Coronary thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a coronary artery, usually on a ruptured plaque, and the immediate cause of most heart attacks.
Coronary vasospasm
Coronary vasospasm (vasospastic angina, Prinzmetal angina) is transient epicardial coronary artery narrowing causing rest ischemia, diagnosed by COVADIS criteria and acetylcholine provocation testing, treated with calcium channel blockers and nitrates.
Coronary vasospastic disease
Coronary vasospastic disease (vasospastic angina, variant or Prinzmetal angina, coronary spastic angina): myocardial ischemia from transient epicardial coronary spasm, diagnosed by acetylcholine provocation testing, treated first with calcium channel blockers.
CoronaVac (克尔来福)
CoronaVac (克尔来福), Sinovac's inactivated Vero-cell COVID-19 vaccine, WHO emergency use listed 1 June 2021; two doses 0.5 mL, 2-8 °C storage; 51% trial efficacy in Brazil, used in 66 countries.
Coronaviridae
Coronaviridae, the coronavirus family (Orthocoronavirinae, Letovirinae, Pitovirinae), is a group of enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses with 22–36 kb genomes, the largest among RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2.