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Cortexin
Cortexin names both a family of small neuron-specific membrane proteins of the cerebral cortex (CTXN1-3, first identified in rat in 1993) and a Russian bovine-brain polypeptide drug (Korteksin) without Western approval or replicated trials.
Cortical blindness
Cortical blindness, also called cerebral blindness, is bilateral vision loss from bilateral striate cortex lesions with normal pupils and normal eyes; common causes are PCA stroke and hypoxia, with Anton syndrome as denial of blindness.
Cortical cell of adrenal gland
Cortical cell of adrenal gland (adrenocortical cell, CL:0002097): steroid hormone secreting cell of the adrenal cortex, arranged in zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis, producing aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens from cholesterol under ACTH and RAAS control.
Cortical homunculus
Cortical homunculus, or sensory and motor homunculus (Latin 'little man'): distorted body maps on the primary somatosensory and motor cortices, first drawn by Wilder Penfield and Edwin Boldrey from 1937 electrical-stimulation studies of awake epilepsy patients.
Cortical interneuron
Cortical interneuron: GABAergic inhibitory neuron of the cerebral cortex, 20-30% of cortical neurons, in PV, SST, and 5HT3aR classes, born mainly in the ganglionic eminences.
Cortical stimulation
Cortical stimulation is the application of electrical current directly to the cerebral cortex to locate functionally important areas, used in awake glioma and epilepsy surgery.
Cortical Synchronization
Cortical synchronization, or neural phase synchronization, is the phase locking of cortical oscillations between brain regions, studied via PLV, coherence, and phase lag index in EEG and MEG as a mechanism for large-scale integration, memory, and attention, with volume conduction as its main measurement artifact.
Corticobasal degeneration
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD), also called corticobasal syndrome (CBS) in its clinical form, is a rare 4-repeat tauopathy causing asymmetric rigidity, apraxia, dystonia, and myoclonus, with onset around age 64, mean survival 6.5 years, and no disease-modifying treatment.
Corticobasal syndrome
Corticobasal syndrome (CBS), also called corticobasal degeneration syndrome, is a clinical disorder of asymmetric rigidity, apraxia, and myoclonus caused most often by corticobasal degeneration, a 4R tauopathy, but also by PSP or Alzheimer's disease.
Corticobulbar tract
Corticobulbar tract (corticonuclear tract): descending pyramidal-tract pathway from the motor cortex through the internal capsule and brainstem to cranial nerve motor nuclei, bilaterally innervating most nuclei except the lower facial and hypoglossal nuclei.
Corticorelin
Corticorelin, sold as Acthrel, is a synthetic 41-amino-acid peptide analog of corticotropin-releasing hormone, based on the ovine sequence isolated in 1981, and is used intravenously to distinguish pituitary from ectopic ACTH production in Cushing's syndrome.
Corticorelin ovine triflutate
Corticorelin ovine triflutate (Acthrel, oCRH) is a synthetic ovine-sequence CRH peptide, FDA-approved 1996 as a 1 mcg/kg IV diagnostic test separating pituitary from ectopic ACTH secretion in ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome; US product discontinued.
Corticospinal tract
Corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract): major descending pathway for voluntary movement, from frontoparietal cortex through internal capsule to spinal cord; 75-90% of fibers cross at the medullary pyramidal decussation.
Corticosteroid
Corticosteroid: steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex and synthetic analogs, comprising glucocorticoids (cortisol, prednisone, dexamethasone) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone); anti-inflammatory drugs whose chronic use suppresses the HPA axis.
Corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency
Corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency, also called transcortin deficiency, is a rare genetic adrenal disease caused by SERPINA6 mutations, causing fatigue, chronic pain, and low blood pressure.
Corticosteroid-induced skin atrophy
Corticosteroid-induced skin atrophy (ICD-11 EE40.0) is skin thinning from glucocorticoid therapy, mainly topical steroids; caused by reduced collagen synthesis, risk rises with potency, duration, occlusion, and thin-skin sites.
Corticosterone
Corticosterone (CORT) is an adrenal steroid glucocorticoid, first isolated in 1937; it predominates in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and rodents, while cortisol dominates in fish and most mammals, where corticosterone is synthesized at about one-tenth the rate.
Corticotomy
Corticotomy is a surgical procedure that cuts or perforates cortical bone to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement and shorten treatment, first described by Heinrich Köle in 1959.
Corticotroph
Corticotroph (corticotropic cell, corticotrope): ACTH-secreting endocrine cell of the anterior pituitary in the HPA axis; controlled by CRH, derives ACTH from POMC; its adenomas cause Cushing's disease.
Corticotropin zinc hydroxide
Corticotropin zinc hydroxide (Cortrophin-Zinc) is a long-acting injectable porcine ACTH-zinc hydroxide suspension, 40 USP units/mL, FDA-approved since 1955 for adrenocortical diagnostic testing and limited corticosteroid-responsive uses.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH, CRF, corticoliberin) is a 41-amino-acid hypothalamic peptide, isolated by Vale in 1981, that drives ACTH release via CRHR1/CRHR2 receptors in the HPA stress axis.
Cortinariaceae
Cortinariaceae, a family of ectomycorrhizal Agaricales fungi long containing only the huge genus Cortinarius; split into ten genera by a 2022 phylogenomic revision, a division contested in 2024.
Cortinarius
Cortinarius, the largest Agaricales mushroom genus with over 3,000 ectomycorrhizal species worldwide; its section-level taxonomy is settled but a contested 2022 split into ten genera remains disputed.
Cortinarius caperatus
Cortinarius caperatus, the gypsy mushroom (formerly Rozites caperata), is an edible ectomycorrhizal webcap with a wrinkled, silvery-bloomed ochre cap and a persistent membranous ring, distinguished from deadly orellanine-containing webcaps by that ring.
Cortinarius in Australia and New Zealand
Cortinarius in Australia and New Zealand refers to the Australasian species of Cortinarius, the most species-rich mushroom genus, with distinctive endemic lineages including pouch fungi and a large Tasmanian radiation.
Cortinarius iodes
Cortinarius iodes, the viscid violet cort or spotted cort, is a slimy purple oak-associated Cortinarius mushroom of eastern North America, separated from its twin C. iodeoides by mild cap slime and larger spores.
Cortinarius orellanus
Cortinarius orellanus, the fool's webcap, is a deadly poisonous Cortinariaceae mushroom described by Fries in 1838, containing the nephrotoxin orellanine; symptoms appear one to two weeks after ingestion and there is no antidote.
Cortinarius rubellus
Cortinarius rubellus, the deadly webcap (synonym C. speciosissimus), is a boreal orange-brown webcap fungus containing the nephrotoxin orellanine, which causes delayed acute kidney injury one to two weeks after ingestion.
Cortinarius violaceus
Cortinarius violaceus, the violet webcap (Agaricus violaceus L. 1753), is the type species of the genus Cortinarius: an entirely dark violet ectomycorrhizal mushroom with a rusty brown spore print, (R)-beta-dopa pigment, and a red KOH reaction.
Cortisol
Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is the main glucocorticoid hormone of the adrenal cortex, HPA-axis regulated, circadian, isolated in the 1930s by Kendall and Reichstein, and measured in blood, saliva, urine, and hair.