Life and health

Cost Savings

Cost savings: reductions in all or any portion of the costs of providing goods or services (MeSH D017046), accruing to provider or consumer; in healthcare, documented through bundled payment, ACO, and prevention programs.

Cost-consequence analysis

Cost-consequence analysis is a type of economic evaluation in healthcare that presents costs and outcomes of interventions in a disaggregated list rather than a single ratio.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is an economic evaluation method that compares an intervention's costs with its health outcomes, such as life years gained or QALYs, judging it against alternatives.

Cost-effectiveness model

A cost-effectiveness model is a decision-analytic model that compares the costs and health outcomes of alternative healthcare interventions, expressing results as an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, often dollars per QALY gained.

Cost-utility analysis

Cost-utility analysis (CUA) is an economic evaluation comparing the costs of health interventions with outcomes in quality-adjusted life years, reported as cost per QALY and used for reimbursement decisions.

Sep 21, 2026

Costa Georgopoulos

Costa Georgopoulos, born Constantine P. Georgopoulos in Greece in 1942, is a molecular biologist known for defining the DnaK (Hsp70) and GroEL (Hsp60) chaperone machines of E. coli.

Sep 20, 2026

Costantino Iadecola

Costantino Iadecola is an Italian-born American neurologist who directs the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute at Weill Cornell Medicine and pioneered the neurovascular unit concept.

Costatoria

Costatoria (†Costatoria L. Waagen, 1906) is an extinct trigonioid bivalve genus of the family Myophoriidae, ranging from late Permian to Early Jurassic; species such as C. goldfussi and C. subrotunda serve as Triassic index fossils. Not related to the caddisfly genus Costora.

Costeff syndrome

Costeff syndrome, or 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type III, is an autosomal recessive OPA3-related disorder with infantile optic atrophy, chorea, and spasticity, chiefly affecting the Iraqi Jewish population via the c.143-1G>C founder mutation.

Costello syndrome

Costello syndrome (faciocutaneoskeletal syndrome, FCS syndrome) is a rare RASopathy caused by activating germline HRAS mutations, with failure to thrive, coarse facies, heart disease, intellectual disability, and about 15% lifetime cancer risk, the highest among RASopathies.

Costochondritis

Costochondritis, also called costosternal syndrome, is inflammation of the rib cartilage joints to the sternum causing chest wall pain without swelling. Affects adults 40-50, diagnosed clinically, treated with NSAIDs and heat, self-limited.

Costovertebral angle tenderness

Costovertebral angle tenderness (CVAT, Giordano's sign) is flank pain elicited by percussion between the 12th rib and lumbar spine over the kidney; a physical sign of pyelonephritis and renal colic, first described by Murphy in 1884.

Costus

Costus L. (spiral gingers, Costaceae, Zingiberales): pantropical genus of 115 accepted rhizomatous herbs with spiromonostichous spiral leaves, cone-like inflorescences, and hummingbird and bee pollination syndromes; distinct from the medicinal costus root Saussurea costus.

COSYCONET study

COSYCONET (COPD and SYstemic consequences-COmorbidities NETwork) is a German multicenter COPD cohort of 2741 patients recruited 2010–2013 at 31 centers, studying comorbidities, systemic inflammation, and mortality predictors.

Cota

Cota J.Gay is a genus of 37 daisy-family (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) herbs native to Eurasia, northwest Africa, and Alaska to Canada; formerly a section of Anthemis, recognized as an independent genus on molecular evidence in 2010, with type species Cota tinctoria, golden chamomile.

Cotesia congregata

Cotesia congregata, formerly Apanteles congregatus, is a braconid parasitoid wasp that lays eggs inside sphingid caterpillars like the tobacco hornworm, whose larvae spin white cocoons on the living host.

Cotesia glomerata

Cotesia glomerata (Apanteles glomeratus) is a gregarious braconid parasitoid wasp of Pieris caterpillars, introduced to North America in 1883 against the imported cabbageworm; it is displaced by the superior competitor Cotesia rubecula but suffers less hyperparasitoid mortality.

Cotesia glomerata as a biological control agent

Cotesia glomerata is a parasitoid wasp whose larvae develop inside Pieris caterpillars and kill them; it was introduced to North America in the 1880s as biological control for cabbageworms.

Cotesting

Cotesting is a cervical cancer screening strategy combining HPV testing and the Pap test on the same specimen, recommended every 5 years for women aged 30 to 65.

Cotinga

Cotinga (genus Cotinga Brisson, 1760) is a group of seven species of small Neotropical cotingid birds, including the spangled, plum-throated, and banded cotingas, whose males show brilliant blue and purple structural-plus-pigment plumage and are largely silent.

Cotinine

Cotinine is the predominant metabolite of nicotine, formed by CYP2A6 in the liver, with a 12-16 hour half-life. It is the standard biomarker of tobacco and secondhand smoke exposure measured in blood, saliva, and urine.

Cotinis nitida

Cotinis nitida, the green June beetle or fig-eater, an eastern US cetoniine scarab (Scarabaeidae). Metallic green adults 15–27 mm feed on ripe fruit; rootzone-tunneling larvae damage turf; one-year life cycle; Scolia dubia parasitoid.

Cotinus

Cotinus (smoketree, smoke bush) is a genus of seven accepted deciduous shrubs and small trees in Anacardiaceae, native from southern Central Europe to China and the southeastern USA to NE Mexico; C. coggygria is the widespread ornamental species.

Coton de Tulear

Coton de Tulear, Royal Dog of Madagascar, a small white cotton-coated companion breed from Tulear, Madagascar; FCI-recognized 1970, AKC's 179th breed (2014), 15-19 year lifespan.

Cotoneaster

Cotoneaster, a Rosaceae genus of berry-bearing shrubs native to temperate Eurasia and North Africa, with 270 to 400 species, apomictic polyploid taxonomy, and several invasive ornamental species.

Cottidae

Cottidae, the sculpins or bullheads, is a family of about 264 to 300 benthic northern fish genera and species, mostly marine but with many freshwater Cottus, revised in 2014 into six cottoid families.

Cotton

Cotton (Gossypium spp.), also called upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) or Pima (G. barbadense), is the world's dominant natural textile fiber, a nearly pure cellulose single-celled seed trichome; domesticated millennia ago and grown mainly in China, India, Brazil, and the United States.

Cotton Candy grapes

Cotton Candy grapes (IFG Seven) are a patented seedless table grape bred by David Cain at International Fruit Genetics from a University of Arkansas Concord selection, with 19 g sugar per 100 g and licensed only to commercial growers.

Cotton leaf curl virus

Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV), also cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), a begomovirus-betasatellite complex transmitted by Bemisia tabaci whitefly; devastated Pakistan's cotton from 1988, causing ~US$5 billion losses 1992-1997, with resistance broken by the Burewala strain in 2001-2002.