Life and health

Cortisone

Cortisone, Kendall's compound E, is the inactive 11-keto form of cortisol converted back by 11β-HSD. First used against rheumatoid arthritis in 1948; 1950 Nobel Prize for Hench, Kendall, and Reichstein.

Cortivazol

Cortivazol (ALTIM) is a French-marketed pyrazolosteroid glucocorticoid, ATC H02AB17, given by intra-articular, periarticular, soft-tissue, and epidural injection; it is glucocorticoid receptor-specific, regulates genes distinct from dexamethasone, and suppresses the HPA axis after local injection.

Corvidae

Corvidae (crows, ravens, jays, magpies) is a passerine bird family of about 133 species found worldwide except polar regions and southern South America, known for caching, tool use, ape-like cognition, and seed-dispersal ecosystem services.

Corvina

Corvina is a Spanish/Portuguese common name for various sciaenid (drum and croaker) fishes, including Cynoscion xanthulus, C. parvipinnis, and Argyrosomus regius; the genus Corvina itself is an invalid synonym of Sciaena.

Corvus

Corvus is the crow and raven genus of the Corvidae, with at least 46 species worldwide; known for tool use, planning, and large winter roosts, and including the endangered Hawaiian Crow.

Oct 10, 2026

Corwin Hinshaw

H. Corwin Hinshaw (1902–2001) was an American physician at the Mayo Clinic who, with William Feldman, carried out the animal and human tests of streptomycin against tuberculosis.

Cory Abate-Shen

Cory Abate-Shen is an American cancer biologist at Columbia University known for mouse models of prostate and bladder cancer, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2025.

Corydalis

Corydalis DC. (fumewort genus), a Papaveraceae/Fumarioideae genus of about 549 species native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, defined by spurred four-petaled flowers, six stamens in two bundles, and isoquinoline-alkaloid-rich medicinal roots.

Corylus

Corylus is a genus of trees and shrubs in the birch family, native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, whose species produce the edible nuts known as hazelnuts.

Corymbia

Corymbia, the bloodwood eucalypts, a genus of about 95 Australian and New Guinean Myrtaceae trees split from Eucalyptus in 1995; includes spotted gums and ghost gums; non-monophyletic, with Blakella proposed as a separate genus in 2024.

Corymbia citriodora

Corymbia citriodora, the lemon-scented gum (formerly Eucalyptus citriodora), is an Australian Myrtaceae tree from Queensland to NE New South Wales, grown for citronellal-rich essential oil, heavy-construction timber, and ornamental planting.

Corynebacterium

Corynebacterium, a genus of high G+C Gram-positive Actinobacteria (club-shaped rods). Includes C. diphtheriae, diphtheria cause, and C. glutamicum, industrial amino acid producer; mycolic-acid cell envelope distinguishes it.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Klebs–Löffler bacillus), a Gram-positive club-shaped bacterium and agent of diphtheria; toxin encoded by β-corynephage tox gene, DtxR iron-regulated; 27,778 WHO cases in 2023, outbreaks in Nigeria and Europe.

Corynebacterium glutamicum

Corynebacterium glutamicum, type strain ATCC 13032, is a non-pathogenic Gram-positive soil bacterium isolated in 1957, the leading industrial producer of L-glutamate and L-lysine and a metabolic engineering chassis.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, a Gram-positive facultative intracellular CMNR bacterium causing caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants and ulcerative lymphangitis in horses; two biovars, Ovis (nitrate-negative) and Equi (nitrate-positive), keyed by the narKGHJI locus and phospholipase D virulence.

Corynebacterium pyogenes

Corynebacterium pyogenes, now Trueperella pyogenes (formerly Arcanobacterium pyogenes), is a Gram-positive opportunistic rod causing pus-forming infections such as mastitis, metritis, and abscesses in livestock; its key toxin is pyolysin.

Corynorhinus

Corynorhinus, the North American big-eared bats (Townsend's, Rafinesque's, Mexican, and the 2024 C. leonpaniaguae), is a vespertilionid bat genus restored from Plecotus subgenus status, sister to Barbastella, with endangered Virginia and Ozark subspecies.

Coryphaenoides rupestris

The roundnose grenadier, Coryphaenoides rupestris, is a rattail fish of the North Atlantic's continental slopes, target of a deep-water trawl fishery that peaked at almost 84,000 t in 1971.

Coscoroba

Coscoroba (Coscoroba coscoroba, Molina 1782), the Coscoroba Swan, smallest of all swans (900–1150 mm), native to southern South America; phylogenetically disputed between swans, geese, and a sister relationship with the Cape Barren Goose.

Cosibelimab

Cosibelimab (Unloxcyt, cosibelimab-ipdl), Checkpoint Therapeutics' fully human anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody, FDA-approved December 13, 2024 for metastatic or locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; 1,200 mg IV every 3 weeks.

COSINE study

COSINE (NCT05945043), a Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust observational study continuing SINE, measuring neural respiratory drive by surface EMG and breathlessness in 124 pleural effusion patients before and after thoracocentesis, 2023-2027.

Cosmetic dentistry

Cosmetic dentistry, or aesthetic dentistry, covers dental procedures that change tooth appearance: whitening, veneers, aligners, implants. Key facts include 1989 home bleaching, veneer survival data, DSD, AI adoption, and UK market regulation.

Cosmetic Techniques

Cosmetic techniques are medical procedures to improve the appearance of visible body parts, a MeSH category (D003357) spanning surgical work like rhinoplasty and liposuction and nonsurgical treatments like chemical peels and fillers.

Cosmic Crisp

Cosmic Crisp, also known as WA 38, is a large, dark-red apple cultivar bred by Washington State University from a 1997 Enterprise-Honeycrisp cross and launched commercially in December 2019.

COSMIC study

COSMIC study: Dutch randomized trial (COPD and Seretide: a Multi-Center Intervention and Characterization, Thorax 2005) of fluticasone withdrawal in 373 COPD patients; also the Karolinska COSMIC omics cohort, NCT02627872.

Cosmopolitan distribution

In biogeography, a cosmopolitan distribution, or cosmopolitan range, is the geographic range of a taxon extending across most or all of Earth in appropriate habitats, the counterpart of endemism.

Cosmopterigidae

Cosmopterigidae, the cosmet moths, is a family of very small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea, established in 1876, distributed worldwide, and richest in tropical regions and on oceanic islands.

Cossidae

Cossidae, carpenter moths or goat moths, is a worldwide family of large nocturnal wood-boring moths (Cossoidea) whose polyphagous larvae tunnel in living trees; 26 species are pests of commercial forestry and horticulture.

Cost Control

Cost control (cost containment): the containment, regulation, or restraint of costs, chiefly in health care. Key policies include cost sharing, managed care, reference pricing, generic substitution, and budgeting.