72,234 articles
COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu
COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu, India: first case 7 March 2020, second-wave peak 36,184 cases on 21 May 2021, 3.6 million official cases, and an estimated 260,000 excess deaths.
COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand
The COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand (การระบาดของไวรัสโคโรนา ในประเทศไทย) was the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak beginning in January 2020, causing over 4.68 million cases and more than 32,000 deaths across five waves.
COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines: national outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 from 30 January 2020, marked by one of the world's longest lockdowns (Luzon ECQ, 53.3 million people), the Bayanihan emergency laws, IATF-EID-led response, and a late March 2021 CoronaVac vaccination start.
COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland
COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland, also called the Irish COVID-19 response: national public health crisis from 29 February 2020 to 2023, marked by Level 1-5 restrictions, lockdowns, and a vaccination program from 29 December 2020.
COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom: national experience of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak from 2020, marked by the world's first COVID-19 vaccination deployment, over 160,000 deaths within 28 days of a positive test, and critical public inquiry findings.
COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
COVID-19 pandemic in the United States: the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak from the first U.S. case in January 2020 to the end of the public health emergency on May 11, 2023, with 1.1 million reported deaths.
COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh
The COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh was the pandemic's course in India's most populous state from 2020, marked by large-scale surveillance and disputed official case and death counts.
COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam
COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam: four Ministry of Health waves from 23 January 2020; early border closures, contact tracing (F0–F5), 5K rules, zero-COVID until the 2021 Delta wave, then Resolution 128 new-normal shift.
COVID-19 pandemic in West Africa
The COVID-19 pandemic in West Africa spread SARS-CoV-2 across all 16 countries from early 2020, bringing four epidemic waves, vaccination campaigns, and a 1.1 percent economic contraction in 2020.
COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal
COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal, India, from March 2020 through 2021: first case from London travel, three waves, 2021 election-driven surge, death underreporting controversy, and INSACOG genomic surveillance.
COVID-19 Serotherapy
COVID-19 serotherapy transfers SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to patients via convalescent plasma, hyperimmune immunoglobulin, or monoclonal antibodies. FDA authorized plasma in 2020, narrowed it to immunosuppressed patients in 2021, licensed it in 2024, and revoked the EUA in 2025.
COVID-19 testing
COVID-19 testing detects infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, using specimens from the nose or mouth. Two main viral tests are used: PCR and rapid antigen tests.
COVID-19 vaccination in India
India's national COVID-19 vaccination program, launched 16 January 2021 with Covishield and Covaxin, using Co-WIN; over 220 crore doses by 2024, 97% of ages 12+ with one dose.
COVID-19 vaccine
COVID-19 vaccines protect against SARS-CoV-2 by presenting its spike protein; types include mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna) and protein subunit (Novavax). First EUAs December 2020; efficacy 94-95% in trials; formulas updated annually, 2026-2027 targeting XFG.
COVID-BioB study
COVID-BioB (NCT04318366) is a single-center prospective observational cohort and biobank at IRCCS San Raffaele, Milan, enrolling hospitalized adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 since March 2020 to find predictors of severity, mortality, and treatment response.
COVIP study
COVIP (NCT04321265) was a prospective international observational study of ICU patients aged 70+ with COVID-19, run by the ESICM VIP project across 376 ICUs in 44 countries; it showed frailty predicted 30- and 90-day survival better than age.
COVSurf trial
COVSurf (NCT04362059) was a UK phase-2 randomized pilot trial of nebulized bovine surfactant (Alveofact) in ventilated severe COVID-19 patients; feasible but no oxygenation improvement at 48 hours.
Cow dung
Cow dung, cattle feces (gobar), is an organic waste with C/N ratio 23.5 used historically as fuel and fertilizer and today as the main feedstock for biogas, yielding 67 ml methane/g and nutrient-rich digestate.
Cow shark
Cow sharks (Hexanchidae), also called sixgill and sevengill sharks, are deepwater Hexanchiformes with 6 or 7 gill slits, one rear dorsal fin, an anal fin, and saw-like lower teeth; four species, 1.4 to 4.8 m, ovoviviparous.
Cow-calf separation
Cow-calf separation is the removal of dairy or beef calves from their dams, typically within 24 hours of birth in dairy farming. Also called early separation, it contrasts with cow-calf contact rearing, foster cow systems, and staged weaning methods like fence-line and two-stage nose-flap weaning.
Cowbird
Cowbirds (Molothrus) are six New World icterid blackbird species that are obligate brood parasites, laying eggs in other birds' nests; the brown-headed cowbird uses over 220 host species and numbers 130 million.
Cowboy
Cowboy: mounted cattle herder of the American West, also called cowhand or buckaroo. Descends from the Spanish-Mexican vaquero; peak era the 1870s-1880s cattle drives; about a quarter of cowboys were Black; ended by barbed wire and railroads; legacy lives in rodeo.
Cowden syndrome
Cowden syndrome, a PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome, is an autosomal dominant disorder from germline PTEN variants on 10q23.3, causing hamartomas and high lifetime risks of breast, thyroid, endometrial, renal, and colorectal cancer and melanoma.
CoWIN
CoWIN (COVID-19 Vaccine Intelligence Network) is India's government-run web platform for COVID-19 vaccination registration, scheduling, stock tracking, and digital certificates, launched 16 January 2021, built from eVIN, handling over two billion doses and offered internationally as a digital public good.
Cowpea
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata, black-eyed pea) is an African legume domesticated in West Africa 5,000-6,000 years ago, grown on about 12 million hectares for seed protein, fodder, and soil-improving nitrogen fixation.
Cowpea mosaic virus
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV, Comovirus vignae) is a bipartite positive-strand RNA plant virus infecting legumes, with 28 nm particles; a biotechnology workhorse for epitope display, plant expression vectors, and experimental in situ cancer immunotherapy.
Cowpox
Cowpox, caused by cowpox virus (CPXV), an Orthopoxvirus with wild rodent reservoirs, is a zoonotic skin disease; Edward Jenner used it in 1796 for the first vaccination, and it is re-emerging in Europe.
Cowrie
Cowries (family Cypraeidae) are tropical marine gastropod snails with glossy, egg-shaped shells polished by the living mantle. About 400 living species, Indo-Pacific diversity center, shells historically used as currency and collectibles.
Cox maze procedure
Cox maze procedure (Cox-maze IV), a cardiac surgery devised by James L. Cox in 1987 that creates scar lesions in both atria to block atrial fibrillation signals; success 80-90%, gold standard surgical ablation.
Cox Terhorst
Cox Terhorst (Cornelis P. Terhorst) is an immunologist at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard who helped define the CD3 complex of the T cell receptor.