Life and health

Dipterologiae Italicae prodromus

Dipterologiae italicae prodromus, Camillo Rondani's Latin monograph on Italian Diptera published in Parma from 1856 (six or seven volumes, sources differ), with dichotomous keys and species descriptions still used in fly taxonomy.

Dipterus

Dipterus, Sedgwick and Murchison 1828, an extinct Devonian lungfish genus (Dipteridae, Dipnoi); type species D. valenciennesi from the Middle Devonian Orcadian Basin, Scotland, common at Achanarras Quarry.

Dipteryx

Dipteryx (cumaru, tonka bean trees; Dipteryx odorata, D. alata) is a Neotropical Fabaceae genus of 12 large canopy tree species, sources of tonka beans with coumarin, dense decking timber, and CITES Appendix II listing since 2022.

Dipteryx odorata

Dipteryx odorata, cumaru or tonka bean tree (Coumarouna odorata), a large Fabaceae tree of northern South America; seeds yield coumarin for perfume and food, timber traded as cumaru; IUCN Data Deficient, genus in CITES Appendix II.

Dipturus

Dipturus, longnosed skates, is a genus of Rajidae skates established by Rafinesque 1810 with type species Raja batis; about 41 species in Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, including the critically endangered common skate.

Dipus

Dipus (hairy-footed jerboas) is a jerboa genus of Asian deserts, type species D. sagitta; genomic work recognizes three species: D. deasyi, D. sagitta, and D. sowerbyi.

Dipylidiasis

Dipylidiasis, also called dipilidiosis, is a zoonotic tapeworm disease caused by Dipylidium caninum, the flea tapeworm of dogs and cats. Infection requires swallowing an infected flea or louse; human cases are rare, mostly children, often misdiagnosed as pinworm, and treated with praziquantel.

Dipylidium caninum

Dipylidium caninum, the flea, cucumber, or double-pored tapeworm, is a common cestode of dogs and cats worldwide, transmitted by ingesting infected fleas, occasionally infecting humans, especially children, and treated with praziquantel.

Dipyridamole

Dipyridamole, sold as Persantine, is a pyrimidopyrimidine drug with antiplatelet and vasodilator effects, combined with aspirin for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and used in nuclear stress testing.

Diquafosol

Diquafosol (Diquas, diquafosol sodium) is a P2Y2 receptor agonist eye drop, 3% six times daily, that stimulates water and mucin secretion for dry eye disease; approved in Japan, South Korea, and since 2025 China.

Oct 20, 2026

Diquat

Diquat (1,1′-ethylene-2,2′-bipyridinium; diquat dibromide, Reglone) is a bipyridyl contact herbicide, desiccant, and aquatic algaecide; less toxic than paraquat, kidney-targeting, no antidote.

Dire wolf

The dire wolf (Aenocyon dirus, formerly Canis dirus) was a large extinct canid that lived in North and South America during the Pleistocene and died out roughly 10,000 to 13,000 years ago.

Direct agglutination test

The direct agglutination test (DAT) is a serological assay that detects anti-Leishmania antibodies in serum by visible clumping of stained parasites, used mainly to diagnose visceral leishmaniasis.

Direct antiglobulin test

The direct antiglobulin test (DAT) is a blood test detecting antibody or complement proteins bound to red blood cells, used to diagnose immune hemolytic anemia and transfusion reactions.

Direct electrical stimulation

Direct electrical stimulation is a neurosurgical mapping technique that passes brief electrical currents through exposed brain tissue during surgery, transiently disrupting function to identify eloquent areas before tumor resection.

Direct electrocortical stimulation

Direct electrocortical stimulation (ECS), also called direct electrical stimulation, is a neurosurgical technique that maps functional brain areas during surgery by stimulating the exposed cortex.

Direct fluorescent antibody technique

The direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) technique detects specific antigens directly in patient specimens using fluorescently labeled antibodies read under a microscope, giving results in about an hour.

Direct infections of joint

Direct infections of joint (ICD-11 FA10, Japanese 関節の直接感染) is a classification category for hematogenic or non-hematogenic joint infections, with child codes for bacterial, viral, and fungal joint infection, excluding reactive and postinfectious arthropathies.

Direct laryngoscopy

Direct laryngoscopy is a procedure in which a rigid scope passed through the mouth gives direct visualization of the larynx, used for intubation, diagnosis, and surgery.

Direct RNA sequencing

Direct RNA sequencing, also known as direct RNA-seq, is a nanopore method that reads native RNA molecules single-file through a protein pore, detecting modifications like m6A.

Direct sequencing

Direct sequencing is the sequencing of PCR products or genomic DNA without prior cloning, producing an average sequence of all copies for clone verification, allele typing, and mutation identification.

Direct tributaries of the portal vein

The direct tributaries of the portal vein are the left and right gastric, cystic, and paraumbilical veins, which join the hepatic portal vein itself rather than its large forming trunks.

Direct-acting antiviral therapy

Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy is oral drug treatment that cures chronic hepatitis C, clearing the virus in at least 90% of patients over 8 to 12 weeks.

DIRECT-MT trial

DIRECT-MT (NCT03469206) was a 656-patient Chinese noninferiority trial showing endovascular thrombectomy alone was noninferior to thrombectomy plus intravenous alteplase for 90-day outcomes in anterior large-vessel occlusion stroke.

Oct 20, 2026

DIRECT-PLUS trial

DIRECT-PLUS (NCT03020186), an 18-month Israeli randomized trial, tested the green-Mediterranean diet (Mankai, green tea, walnuts, less red meat), which doubled visceral and liver fat loss versus a standard Mediterranean diet despite similar weight loss.

Direct-To-Consumer Screening and Testing

Direct-to-consumer screening and testing (DTC, DTCT) sells laboratory and genetic tests directly to consumers without a clinician intermediary; covers FDA oversight tiers, market growth, evidence gaps, harms, and pricing.

Directed differentiation

Directed differentiation guides pluripotent stem cells (ESCs, iPSCs) through sequential cell-fate decisions using growth factors, small molecules, and morphogens to yield desired cell types for disease models, drug screening, organoids, and transplantation therapies.