72,234 articles
Directed evolution of cytochrome P450 for C–H amination
Directed evolution of cytochrome P450 for C–H amination turns P450 enzymes into catalysts that insert nitrogen into carbon–hydrogen bonds, first reported by the Arnold group in 2013.
Directed evolution of P411 carbene transferases
Directed evolution of P411 carbene transferases optimizes serine-ligated cytochrome P411 enzymes, begun in 2013 in Frances Arnold's group at Caltech, to catalyze non-natural carbene transfer reactions.
Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality (molecular biology): the 5′-to-3′ end-to-end orientation of DNA and RNA strands, set by sugar-ring carbon numbering; explains 5′→3′ synthesis, leading/lagging strands, Okazaki fragments, and proofreading polarity.
Directly observed therapy
Directly observed therapy (DOT) is a treatment adherence strategy in which a trained observer watches a patient take medication, used chiefly in tuberculosis care worldwide.
Directly observed therapy, short course
Directly observed therapy, short course (DOTS) is a tuberculosis control strategy in which health workers watch patients take a standardized six- to eight-month drug regimen, recommended by WHO since 1991.
Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
DG MARE, the European Commission department for maritime affairs and fisheries, runs the common fisheries policy, the European Ocean Pact, TACs and quotas, and IUU fishing controls; led by Commissioner Costas Kadis and Director-General Charlina Vitcheva in Brussels.
Dirithromycin
Dirithromycin (Dynabac, LY 237216) is a once-daily macrolide antibiotic prodrug hydrolyzed to erythromycylamine; half-life 44 h, FDA approved 1995, used for respiratory and skin infections.
Dirk Bohmann
Dirk Bohmann is a molecular biologist and professor at the University of Rochester known for establishing c-jun as AP-1 and for using Drosophila genetics to study stress signaling and aging.
Dirk Görlich
Dirk Görlich, born 1966 in Halle, is a German biochemist who studies nucleocytoplasmic transport, identified importins, and directs a department at the Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences in Göttingen.
Dirk H. Busch
Dirk H. Busch, also known as Dirk Busch, is a German immunologist who directs the Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene at the Technical University of Munich.
Dirk Hockemeyer
Dirk Hockemeyer is a molecular biologist at UC Berkeley who studies telomeres, telomerase, and genome engineering, known for work on POT1 and TERT promoter mutations in cancer.
Dirk J. Gouma
Dirk J. Gouma, born 1948, is a Dutch surgeon and emeritus professor of general surgery at the Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, appointed to the chair in 1993.
Dirk J. van Veldhuisen
Dirk J. van Veldhuisen is a Dutch cardiologist and heart failure researcher, Professor of Cardiology at the University Medical Center Groningen and chairman of its cardiology department from 2001.
Dirk Roos
Dirk Roos, born in 1941, is a Dutch immunologist at the University of Amsterdam and Sanquin known for research on neutrophils and chronic granulomatous disease.
Dirk Schadendorf
Dirk Schadendorf is a German dermato-oncologist who directs the dermatology clinic at University Hospital Essen and led landmark melanoma trials including CheckMate 067 and COMBI.
Dirk Schübeler
Dirk Schübeler, born 1969 in Germany, is a molecular biologist known for work on DNA methylation and CpG islands, and director of the FMI in Basel since 2020.
Dirkje S. Postma
Dirkje S. Postma, also known as Dirkje Postma, is a Dutch pulmonologist who researched asthma and COPD at the University of Groningen, winning the 2000 Spinoza Prize.
Dirofilaria immitis
Dirofilaria immitis, commonly known as the heartworm or dog heartworm, is a mosquito-borne nematode whose adults live in the pulmonary arteries of dogs and other carnivores, causing heartworm disease.
Dirofilariasis
Dirofilariasis, also called human dirofilariasis or heartworm infection in dogs, is a mosquito-borne zoonosis caused by Dirofilaria nematodes, mainly D. immitis, D. repens, and D. tenuis, producing lung coin lesions or subcutaneous nodules treated by surgical excision.
Diroximel fumarate
Diroximel fumarate (Vumerity, BIIB098) is an oral fumarate drug for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, converted to monomethyl fumarate like dimethyl fumarate but with better gastrointestinal tolerability; approved in the US (2019) and EU (2021).
Dirozalkib
Dirozalkib (XZP-3621, Xuan Fei Ning, 地罗阿克) is Xuanzhu Biopharmaceutical's oral ALK/ROS1 inhibitor for ALK-positive advanced NSCLC; NMPA-approved August 2025 at 500 mg daily after phase 3 PFS of 29.5 months versus 12.9 with crizotinib.
DIRP domain
DIRP domain (Domain in Rb-related Pathway), SMART SM001135, InterPro IPR033471, Pfam PF06584: a conserved eukaryotic protein domain in LIN-9/Aly family proteins, involved in the Rb-related pathway, development, and binding of RBAP48 and LIN37 in the human MuvB complex.
Dirty dairying
Dirty dairying: 2002 Fish and Game campaign against New Zealand dairy farming's waterway pollution, leading to the 2003 Dairying and Clean Streams Accord, 2013 Water Accord, and 2020 stock exclusion regulations.
Dirucotide
Dirucotide (MBP8298), a 17-amino-acid myelin basic protein peptide, was an intravenous antigen-specific tolerance therapy for HLA-DR2/DR4 secondary progressive MS, discontinued in 2009 after the Phase III MAESTRO-01 trial missed its EDSS progression endpoint.
Dis mon
Dis Mon (Disease-a-month : DM), a monthly US medical review journal begun 1954, published by Elsevier (formerly Year Book Publishers, Mosby); each issue reviews one clinical topic for primary care physicians; MEDLINE-indexed since 1965.
Disability
Disability: umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions; affects about 1.3 billion people (16% of humanity). Defined via medical, social, and biopsychosocial models, the WHO ICF, and the CRPD.
Disability Evaluation
Disability evaluation: formal assessment of whether impairment prevents substantial gainful work. Covers SSA's disability freeze (1954), Bluebook listings, five-step sequential evaluation, state DDS determinations, and inter-rater reliability evidence.
Disability Insurance
Disability insurance is insurance that replaces part of a person's income when injury or illness prevents work, through private policies or programs like Social Security Disability Insurance.
Disability-adjusted life year
Disability-adjusted life year (DALY), the Global Burden of Disease metric: DALY = YLL + YLD, one lost year of healthy life; introduced 1993 World Development Report, simplified after GBD 2010.
Disabled person
Disabled person: someone experiencing disability, defined by the WHO ICF as impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions arising from health conditions interacting with environmental and personal factors; about 15% of the world's population, protected by the CRPD.