Life and health

Diseases of bees

Diseases of bees: six WOAH-listed honey bee diseases (American and European foulbrood, acarapisosis, small hive beetle, Tropilaelaps, varroosis), their causes, spread, and control under the Terrestrial Animal Health Code.

Diseases of hard tissues of teeth

Diseases of hard tissues of teeth (ICD-11 DA08) covers conditions affecting enamel, dentine, or cementum: dental caries, attrition, abrasion, erosion, abfraction, resorption, chronic dental injuries, nontraumatic fracture, and deposits, aggregated from ICD-10 K02 and K03.

Diseases of immune dysregulation

Diseases of immune dysregulation, also called primary immune regulatory disorders (PIRDs), are IUIS Table 4 inborn errors of immunity (ICD-11 4A01.2) where autoimmunity, hyperinflammation, lymphoproliferation, or atopy predominates over infection susceptibility; examples include ALPS, IPEX, APECED, and familial HLH.

Diseases of jaws

Diseases of jaws (ICD-11 DA06; ICD-10 K10) are conditions of the maxilla and mandible not classified elsewhere: inflammatory bone disease, alveolitis, exostosis, Stafne cavity, plus jaw cysts, osteonecrosis, and tumors.

Diseases of metabolism

Diseases of metabolism (metabolic disease, DOID:0014667; Reactome R-HSA-5668914) are disorders of disrupted biochemical processes, including inborn errors of metabolism such as PKU, galactosemia, MSUD, and urea cycle disorders, plus acquired cardiometabolic diseases.

Diseases of poverty

Diseases of poverty: HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, and increasingly NCDs that disproportionately affect the poorest populations, driven by poor water, sanitation, nutrition, and healthcare access, with burden, interventions, and post-2023 trends.

Diseases of salivary glands

Diseases of salivary glands (ICD-10 K11, ICD-11 DA04) cover stones, sialadenitis, Sjögren disease, IgG4-related sialadenitis, and benign or malignant tumors of the parotid, submandibular, sublingual, and minor glands.

Diseases of the colon and rectum

Diseases of the Colon & Rectum (Dis Colon Rectum, ISSNs 0012-3706 and 1530-0358) is the ASCRS's monthly peer-reviewed colorectal surgery journal, founded in 1958 under editor Louis A. Buie and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins since 2009.

Diseases of thymus

Diseases of thymus (ICD-11 4B40): thymic hyperplasia, thymic abscess, Good syndrome, and thymic epithelial tumors (thymoma, thymic carcinoma), rare mediastinal neoplasms linked to myasthenia gravis and treated mainly by surgery.

Diseases of tongue

Diseases of tongue, ICD-10 K14 and ICD-11 DA03, are disorders of tongue surface, movement, or sensation. Common forms are geographic, fissured, and black hairy tongue; leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma are the main serious lesions.

Disembowelment

Disembowelment (evisceration): protrusion of bowel or omentum through an abdominal wound, a laparotomy indication now selectively managed in stable patients, and historically an execution method and the samurai ritual seppuku.

Disinhibited social engagement disorder

Disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED), formerly disinhibited RAD or ICD-10 disinhibited attachment disorder, is a childhood disorder of indiscriminate sociability toward strangers after severe neglect, diagnosable from 9 months, distinct from autism and RAD.

Disinhibition

Disinhibition, also called behavioral disinhibition or the disinhibition versus constraint trait, is reduced restraint over impulses and emotions, seen as a neurological state after frontal brain injury, alcohol, or drugs, and as a personality trait linked to externalizing psychopathology and ICD-11 trait domains.

Disinhibition in dementia

Disinhibition in dementia (ICD-11 6D86.5) is a neuropsychiatric symptom of impaired restraint, impulsivity, and poor risk assessment, common in bvFTD and Alzheimer's disease, managed with pain treatment and nonpharmacological care.

Disintegrin domain

Disintegrin domain: 40–100 aa cysteine-rich integrin-binding module from viper venom PII-SVMPs, RGD or KGD motif; basis of antiplatelet drugs tirofiban and eptifibatide.

Disitamab vedotin

Disitamab vedotin, sold as Aidexi and code-named RC48, is an antibody–drug conjugate targeting HER2, developed by RemeGen and first approved in China in 2021 for gastric cancer.

Disks large homolog 5, N-terminal

Disks large homolog 5 N-terminal region (DLG5 N-term): the coiled-coil, CARD, and PDZ1-2 portion of the MAGUK scaffold DLG5; apically targeted, required for epithelial polarity, N-cadherin delivery, and migration.

Dislocated shoulder

Dislocated shoulder: the humeral head separates from the glenoid socket, anterior in over 95% of cases. Treated by closed reduction, sling, and rehabilitation; surgery lowers recurrence in young patients.

Dislocation of acromioclavicular joint

Acromioclavicular joint dislocation, also called AC separation or shoulder separation, is a traumatic disruption of the clavicle-acromion joint graded by the Rockwood I–VI system; types I–II are treated nonoperatively, IV–VI surgically, and trial evidence shows comparable long-term function for surgery versus conservative care in types III–V.

Dislocation of ankle joint

Dislocation of the ankle joint is the complete displacement of the talus from the tibia and fibula; most cases involve a fracture, and pure dislocations are rare.

Dislocation of cervical vertebra

Dislocation of cervical vertebra (ICD-11 NA23.1): traumatic loss of normal articulation between cervical vertebrae, including facet, atlanto-axial, and cranio-cervical dislocation; diagnosed by CT, treated by traction or surgical fusion.

Dislocation of distal radioulnar joint

Dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ, ICD-11 NC54.00) is traumatic displacement of the ulnar head from the radius' sigmoid notch; dorsal or volar, often missed, treated by closed reduction and 6-week immobilization.

Dislocation of elbow

Dislocation of the elbow: separation of the humerus, ulna, and radius joint surfaces, second most common dislocation after the shoulder. Simple (ligament-only) versus complex (fracture) types; early mobilization after reduction is standard treatment.

Dislocation of finger

Dislocation of finger: displacement of finger phalanges at DIP, PIP, or MCP joints, ICD-11 NC54.2. Most occur at the PIP joint, usually dorsal from hyperextension; treated by closed reduction, splinting, or buddy taping.

Dislocation of great toe

Dislocation of great toe (hallux), ICD-11 ND14.1: traumatic MTP or IP joint dislocation. MTP form follows hyperextension (turf toe spectrum, Jahss types); rare IP form involves sesamoid incarceration (Miki types), often needing open reduction.

Dislocation of hip

Dislocation of hip: femoral head forced out of the acetabulum, usually posterior after high-energy trauma. Emergent reduction within 6 hours limits avascular necrosis; sciatic nerve injury affects about 10% of adults.

Dislocation of knee

Knee dislocation (tibiofemoral dislocation): limb-threatening multiligament knee injury disrupting at least one cruciate ligament, classified by Kennedy position or Schenck KD I–V grades, with popliteal artery and nerve injury risk.

Dislocation of lens

Dislocation of lens (ectopia lentis): displacement of the eye's crystalline lens from zonular weakness or rupture. Subluxation is partial, luxation complete; trauma is the most common cause, FBN1/Marfan syndrome the leading genetic cause.

Dislocation of patella

Dislocation of patella (patellar dislocation): the kneecap fully leaves the femoral trochlear groove, almost always laterally, after a twisting injury in young active people; treated by reduction, bracing, and physiotherapy, with up to 40% recurrence.