72,234 articles
DITRA
DITRA (deficiency of interleukin-36 receptor antagonist; OMIM 614204) is a rare autosomal recessive autoinflammatory disease caused by IL36RN mutations, causing recurrent generalized pustular psoriasis flares with fever; treated with spesolimab.
Ditylenchus destructor
Ditylenchus destructor, the potato rot nematode (Thorne, 1945), is a migratory plant-parasitic nematode rotting potato tubers and over 100 other hosts; distinguished from D. dipsaci by six lateral lines and no anhydrobiotic J4 stage.
Ditylenchus dipsaci
Ditylenchus dipsaci, the stem and bulb nematode (stem nematode, bulb eelworm), is a plant-parasitic Anguinidae nematode infecting over 500 plant species via up to 30 host races; EPPO A2 quarantine pest causing complete crop failure without control.
Diuca
Diuca is a monotypic genus of tanagers (Thraupidae) holding only the Common Diuca-Finch, Diuca diuca (Molina, 1782), of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay; its former second species, speculifera, was moved to Chionodacryon after molecular phylogenetic work.
Diuresis
Diuresis is increased urine excretion, from Greek diourein. Distinguished as water diuresis (urine osmolality 300), caused by glucose, mannitol, urea, or diuretic drugs, and induced therapeutically in heart failure and SIAD.
Diuretic
Diuretic: drug that increases renal sodium and water excretion. Classes include loop diuretics (furosemide, NKCC2), thiazides (chlorthalidone, NCC), and potassium-sparing agents; used for hypertension, heart failure, and edema since chlorothiazide's 1958 introduction.
Diuris
Diuris (donkey orchids, double tails) is a genus of about 102 accepted terrestrial orchid species in tribe Diurideae, native to southern and eastern Australia and the Lesser Sunda Islands, named for the two tail-like lateral sepals.
Diuris filifolia
Diuris filifolia (Cat's Face Orchid) is a rare tuberous orchid endemic to southwestern Western Australia, described by Lindley in 1840, with pale yellow brown-marked flowers, known from three disjunct swamp-edge populations and not seen for many years.
Diurnal enuresis
Diurnal enuresis, or daytime urinary incontinence (DUI), is involuntary daytime urine leakage in children aged 5 or older; over 65% of cases are functional, treated first with urotherapy, though trial evidence for interventions remains weak.
Diurnality
Diurnality: the animal activity pattern of being active by day and resting at night, contrasted with nocturnality, crepuscularity, and cathemerality. Mammals re-evolved it repeatedly after a nocturnal origin; the SCN clock is entrained alike in both, with differences downstream.
Divalent metal transporter 1
Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1, SLC11A2, Nramp2, DCT1) is a proton-coupled mammalian iron transporter, discovered in 1997, that imports dietary non-heme iron in the duodenum and releases iron from endosomes in the transferrin cycle.
Divergence excess
Divergence excess, also called divergence excess exotropia, ICD-11 9C83.62, is an intermittent exotropia pattern with a distance deviation at least 10 prism diopters greater than near; true versus simulated forms are separated by the monocular occlusion patch test.
Divergence insufficiency
Divergence insufficiency, also called age-related distance esotropia, is an acquired comitant esotropia greater at distance than near causing distance diplopia, mainly in adults over 50, treated with prism or strabismus surgery.
Divergence nystagmus
Divergence nystagmus (分离性眼球震颤), ICD-11 9C84.51, is a rare disconjugate nystagmus with the eyes beating in opposite directions, caused by vergence imbalance and associated with midline cerebellar and dorsal pontine lesions.
Divergence paralysis
Divergence paralysis (divergence palsy, ICD-11 9C83.61) is a rare acquired ocular motility disorder: complete loss of divergence with distance esotropia, normal convergence, and horizontal diplopia at distance, linked to raised intracranial pressure and brainstem lesions.
Diversification and biogeographic history of spiders
The diversification and biogeographic history of spiders traces how more than 45,000 species arose over 300 million years, shaped by silk, webs, and shifting prey capture.
Diversion colitis
Diversion colitis, also called diversion proctocolitis or disuse colitis, is inflammation of bowel excluded from the fecal stream after ostomy surgery; hallmark lymphoid follicular hyperplasia, SCFA deficiency hypothesis, treated by stoma reversal.
Diversity index
Diversity index: a statistic combining species richness and evenness to compare communities. Principal forms are the Shannon index, Simpson index, and Hill numbers; values are sample-size sensitive and standardized by rarefaction or coverage.
Diverticulectomy
Diverticulectomy is the surgical excision of a diverticulum, a herniated pouch of the organ wall. In the bladder it is usually done for infection, stones, reflux, or malignancy.
Diverticulitis
Diverticulitis, inflammation of colonic diverticula (pouches in the colon wall), causes acute lower left abdominal pain, fever, and nausea; treated with diet, selective antibiotics, and sometimes colectomy.
Diverticulitis of large intestine
Diverticulitis of large intestine (ICD-11 DC80) is inflammation of colonic diverticula, usually sigmoid, caused by diverticular perforation; mostly uncomplicated, managed selectively with antibiotics, CT-confirmed.
Diverticulitis of small intestine
Diverticulitis of small intestine (ICD-11 DC70, small bowel diverticulitis) is inflammation of small-intestine diverticula, mainly jejunal or duodenal, causing bleeding, perforation, abscess, or obstruction, diagnosed by CT.
Diverticulosis
Diverticulosis of large intestine (ICD-11 DC81, colonic diverticulosis): multiple pouches (diverticula) herniating through the colon wall, mostly sigmoid; over 30% of US adults 50-59 affected, usually asymptomatic, under 5% develop diverticulitis.
Diverticulosis of small intestine
Diverticulosis of the small intestine (small bowel diverticulosis, jejunoileal and duodenal diverticula): false pulsion outpouchings of mucosa and submucosa through the muscularis, found in about 2% of barium studies, usually asymptomatic but causing bleeding, diverticulitis, perforation, and obstruction.
Diverticulum
A diverticulum (plural: diverticula) is a saclike pouch of mucosa protruding from the wall of a tubular organ, most often the colon, where they are very common in older adults.
Diverticulum of bladder
Diverticulum of bladder (bladder diverticulum, vesical diverticulum): a mucosal herniation through the bladder's muscular wall, congenital or acquired (usually from outlet obstruction). Stasis causes infection, stones, and cancer; diverticulectomy, increasingly robotic, treats symptomatic cases.
Diverticulum of small intestine
Diverticulum of small intestine (small bowel diverticulum, SBD): an outpouching of the small intestinal wall; Meckel's is the only true congenital form, acquired false diverticula affect duodenum, jejunum, ileum, causing bleeding, diverticulitis, perforation, obstruction.
Diverting ileostomy
A diverting ileostomy is a temporary surgical stoma that diverts stool away from a distal bowel anastomosis, usually after rectal resection, reducing leaks but often never being closed.
Diving bell spider
Diving bell spider (Argyroneta aquatica), or water spider, the only spider living entirely underwater; Palearctic freshwaters; builds a silk diving bell filled with surface air that acts as an external lung; males larger than females.
Diving in the Maldives
Diving in the Maldives: drift scuba diving across Indian Ocean atolls, with thila pinnacles, channels, manta rays and whale sharks. 30 m recreational depth limit, two monsoon seasons, water 26-30°C, regulated by the Ministry of Tourism.