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DNA hybridization
DNA hybridization is the sequence-specific pairing of complementary single-stranded nucleic acids into duplexes, the basis of assays like Southern blots and microarrays that detect, quantify, or compare sequences.
DNA ladder
A DNA ladder, also called a DNA marker or molecular-weight size marker, is a mixture of DNA fragments of known lengths run on gels to size unknown samples.
DNA ligase
DNA ligase is an enzyme that seals nicks and joins DNA fragments end to end, first isolated in 1967 and essential for DNA replication and repair in living cells.
DNA methylation
DNA methylation (5-methylcytosine) is an epigenetic mark on cytosine, mostly at CpG sites, written by DNMT1/3 enzymes, erased by TET proteins, silencing promoters, and used in cancer biomarkers and epigenetic aging clocks.
DNA methylation array
A DNA methylation array, or methylation array, is a microarray that measures methylation at hundreds of thousands of CpG sites, used widely in cancer research.
DNA methyltransferase
DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3A/3B, DNMT3L, DNMT2) are SAM-dependent enzymes that methylate cytosine C5, maintaining and establishing DNA methylation; DNMT2 acts on tRNA, and DNMT inhibitors like decitabine are FDA-approved cancer drugs.
DNA methyltransferase 3A
DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A), a de novo cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferase on chromosome 2p23, establishes methylation patterns in development; its ADD-domain autoinhibition, R882 mutations in AML and clonal hematopoiesis, and Tatton-Brown-Rahman overgrowth syndrome distinguish it.
DNA mismatch repair
DNA mismatch repair (MMR), also called the MutS-MutL pathway, corrects replication base-pairing errors; deficiency causes Lynch syndrome, MSI-H colorectal cancer, and immunotherapy-responsive tumors.
DNA mismatch repair MutS
MutS is the DNA mismatch-binding protein that initiates mismatch repair, also called MutS or MSH in eukaryotic heterodimers MutSα (MSH2-MSH6) and MutSβ (MSH2-MSH3). It recognizes replication errors, forms ATP-driven sliding clamps that load MutL, and its loss predisposes to cancer.
DNA nanoswitch
A DNA nanoswitch is a self-assembled DNA construct that loops when it binds a target molecule, enabling biosensing and molecular interaction measurements by gel electrophoresis.
DNA nanotechnology
DNA nanotechnology is a field of biomolecular engineering that uses DNA as a construction material, self-assembling designed nanoscale structures, molecular motors, and circuits for biosensing and drug delivery.
DNA origami
DNA origami is a DNA nanotechnology method, demonstrated by Paul Rothemund in 2006, that folds a long single-stranded DNA scaffold with short staple strands into designed nanostructures about 100 nm across.
DNA origami drug delivery
DNA origami drug carriers are nanoscale delivery vehicles made by folding a long DNA scaffold with short staple strands, introduced at Caltech in 2006 and loaded with drugs like doxorubicin.
DNA origami mechanical devices
DNA origami mechanical devices are nanoscale machines made by folding long DNA strands into shapes that move, sense forces, and deliver payloads, introduced by Paul Rothemund in 2006.
DNA origami vaccines
DNA origami vaccines are experimental vaccines built on folded DNA nanostructures that co-display viral antigens and adjuvants at precisely controlled nanoscale spacings to boost immune responses.
DNA origami-templated nanoparticle assembly
DNA origami-templated nanoparticle assembly is a bottom-up nanofabrication method in which nanoparticles, quantum dots, and dyes are placed with sub-nanometer precision on folded DNA origami scaffolds, chiefly for plasmonics and biosensing.
DNA photolyase class 2
DNA photolyase class 2 (CPD class II photolyase) is a blue-light, FADH−-dependent enzyme repairing cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in plants, archaea, marsupials, and viruses, absent from placental mammals, with 8-HDF antenna in most lineages.
DNA ploidy analysis
DNA ploidy analysis is a cytometric method measuring the DNA content of individual cells by flow or image cytometry to detect aneuploidy in cancers and estimate the S-phase fraction.
DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase, the enzyme family (A, B, C, D, X, Y, RT) that synthesizes DNA 5'-to-3' with two-metal-ion catalysis and 3'-to-5' proofreading; includes Taq, Pfu, and KOD used in PCR and sequencing.
DNA polymerase epsilon catalytic subunit
POLE, the DNA polymerase epsilon catalytic subunit (Gene ID 5426, chromosome 12), is the 2,286-amino-acid leading strand replicase and proofreading exonuclease of four-subunit Pol epsilon; exonuclease-domain mutations cause ultramutated endometrial and colorectal cancers responsive to immunotherapy.
DNA polymerase I
DNA polymerase I (Pol I), first DNA polymerase, isolated from E. coli by Arthur Kornberg in 1956; not the main replicative enzyme; fills Okazaki gaps, repairs DNA, and yields the Klenow fragment.
DNA polymerase III holoenzyme
DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (Pol III HE) is the E. coli chromosomal replicase, a 10-subunit machine with two αεθ cores, a β sliding clamp, and a γ complex clamp loader; τ dimerizes the cores for leading and lagging strand synthesis.
DNA polymerase III, beta sliding clamp
Beta sliding clamp (β clamp, dnaN gene product) of bacterial DNA polymerase III: a head-to-tail homodimeric ring that encircles DNA, boosting Pol III processivity beyond 50 kb, loaded by the DnaX ATPase clamp loader.
DNA polymerase III, delta prime subunit
DNA polymerase III delta prime subunit (δ′, HolB, holB gene) of E. coli: non-ATP-binding AAA+ clamp-loader subunit, 334 aa, C-shaped three-domain structure (PDB 1A5T), regulates δ opening of the β sliding clamp.
DNA profiling
DNA profiling (DNA fingerprinting, DNA typing) identifies individuals from variable DNA regions, invented by Alec Jeffreys in 1984; modern STR-based profiling underpins CODIS, INTERPOL databases, paternity testing, and rapid DNA instruments.
DNA recombination/repair protein RecN
RecN (radB) is a bacterial SMC-like DNA repair protein, first identified in E. coli, that recognizes and coordinates double-strand breaks, bridges DNA molecules in a cohesin-like way, and stimulates RecA-mediated recombinational repair.
DNA repair
DNA repair: enzymatic pathways (base excision, nucleotide excision, mismatch repair, NHEJ, homologous recombination) that correct DNA damage; 2015 Nobel Prize to Lindahl, Modrich, Sancar; PARP inhibitors exploit repair defects in cancer therapy.
DNA repair protein RAD51 homologue 2
RAD51B (DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 2, RAD51L1), human 384-aa protein on chromosome 14q23-q24.2; RAD51 paralog in the BCDX2 complex promoting RAD51 filament assembly in homologous recombination repair; linked to cancer and Fanconi anemia-like disorder.
DNA repair protein Rad59
Rad59 (RAD59) is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA repair protein, a Rad52 paralog in the RAD52 epistasis group, that anneals single-stranded DNA in Rad51-independent recombination and short-repeat single-strand annealing.
DNA repair protein, Swi5
DNA repair protein Swi5 (InterPro IPR010760, Pfam PF07061) is a small conserved recombination mediator that forms the Swi5-Sfr1 complex stimulating Rad51/Rhp51 and Dmc1 strand exchange in double-strand break repair; distinct from budding yeast SWI5 transcription factor.