72,234 articles
Ecology of potter and mason wasps
Potter and mason wasps (Eumeninae) are the largest vespid wasp subfamily, with about 3,800 species whose larvae eat paralyzed caterpillars and whose adults feed on nectar.
Economics of aquaculture systems
The economics of aquaculture systems studies how costs, revenues, and returns of farmed aquatic food production vary by system, from earthen ponds to sea cages and recirculating tanks.
Economy of Himachal Pradesh
Economy of Himachal Pradesh: Himalayan Indian state economy; FY2025-26 nominal GSDP ₹2,53,886 crore, 8.3% real growth; services 46.3% of GSVA; horticulture, hydropower, tourism; fiscal deficit 4% of GSDP, ranked 9th on NITI Fiscal Health Index.
Ecosystem
An ecosystem, or ecological system, is a functional unit of nature in which organisms interact with each other and their environment, cycling energy and nutrients.
Ecosystem engineer
An ecosystem engineer is a species that modifies its physical environment, directly or indirectly, creating or destroying habitat, with beavers and reef-building corals as classic examples.
Ecosystem service
Ecosystem service: a benefit people obtain from ecosystems, classified by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment into supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural services; central to IPBES assessments, monetary valuation, and payments for ecosystem services.
Ecotoxicity
Ecotoxicity is the capacity of a chemical substance to cause harmful effects on organisms in natural environments; its data underpin ecological risk assessment and chemical classification.
Ecotoxicology
Ecotoxicology: study of toxic effects of environmental chemicals on populations, communities, and ecosystems, distinct from environmental toxicology; supports risk assessment via PNECs, EQSs, AOPs, and standardized ecotoxicity testing.
Ecotype
Ecotype: a genetically adapted population within a species, coined by Göte Turesson in 1922 (Hereditas). Tested by reciprocal transplant and common garden experiments; distinct from subspecies, which is a taxonomic rank.
Ecraprost
Ecraprost (code AS 013, brand name Circulase) is a lipid microsphere prodrug of prostaglandin E1, given intravenously as lipo-ecraprost and investigated as a vasodilator for peripheral arterial disease.
Ecstatic seizures
Ecstatic seizures are rare focal epilepsy auras of bliss, physical well-being, and heightened self-awareness with preserved consciousness. About 50-52 cases reported; linked to the dorsal anterior insula; first described by Dostoevsky.
ECT2
ECT2 (epithelial cell transforming 2, ARHGEF31), gene at 3q26.31, encodes a 914-aa Rho GTPase exchange factor essential for cytokinesis; autoinhibited by its PH domain, activated by centralspindlin, and an oncoprotein overexpressed in lung, liver, and other cancers.
Ectasia of the left atrial appendage
Ectasia of the left atrial appendage, also known as left atrial appendage aneurysm, is a rare cardiac malformation enlarging the left auricle, usually without other cardiac lesions.
Ecteinascidia turbinata
Ecteinascidia turbinata, the mangrove tunicate, is a colonial Perophoridae ascidian of warm Atlantic and Mediterranean seas, source of the anticancer drug trabectedin (ET-743, Yondelis) actually produced by its endosymbiont Candidatus Endoecteinascidia frumentensis.
Ecthyma
Ecthyma (ICD-11 1B73) is a superficial ulcerative bacterial pyoderma with punched-out crusted ulcers, caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus; ecthyma gangrenosum is its Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis variant.
Ecthyma gangrenosum
Ecthyma gangrenosum, a necrotizing skin infection with hemorrhagic pustules evolving into black eschars, classically marks Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in immunocompromised, neutropenic patients, though other bacteria and fungi can cause identical lesions.
Ectoderm
Ectoderm: outermost of the three embryonic germ layers, formed at gastrulation; gives rise to epidermis, nervous system, neural tube, and neural crest. Also called ectodermal layer; basis of ectodermal dysplasias.
Ectodermal cell
Ectodermal cell, a cell of the ectoderm germ layer; gives rise to nervous system, epidermis, and neural crest derivatives; fate set by BMP signaling during gastrulation.
Ectodermal dysplasia
Ectodermal dysplasia (ED), also called anhidrotic or hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome: a group of 180+ inherited disorders of ectoderm-derived tissues (hair, teeth, nails, sweat glands), affecting about 1 in 5,000-10,000 people; HED from EDA gene mutations is the most common type.
Ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility syndrome
Ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility syndrome (McGrath syndrome, EBS due to plakophilin deficiency) is a rare autosomal recessive PKP1 genodermatosis with neonatal skin fragility, palmoplantar keratoderma, nail dystrophy, alopecia, and no cardiac involvement.
Ectoine
Ectoine, a zwitterionic tetrahydropyrimidine compatible solute discovered in 1985 in Ectothiorhodospira halochloris, protects microbes against osmotic, heat, cold, and desiccation stress; produced industrially and used in atopic dermatitis creams and cryopreservation.
Ectomycorrhiza
Ectomycorrhiza (ECM), also called ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, is a fungus-root partnership marked by a mantle and Hartig net, trading soil nitrogen for plant carbon in most temperate and boreal forest trees.
Ectopia cordis
Ectopia cordis, or ectopic heart, is a rare congenital defect in which the heart lies partly or wholly outside the thorax through an anterior chest wall defect; prevalence 5.5–7.9 per million births, often with pentalogy of Cantrell, survival about 10%.
Ectopic anus
Ectopic anus (anal ectopia, misplaced anus), ICD-11 LB17.1: congenital abnormal displacement of the anus, usually anterior, causing constipation; female-predominant, treated by anoplasty, distinct from perineal fistula.
Ectopic or pelvic kidney
An ectopic kidney, including the pelvic kidney, is a congenitally displaced kidney caused by failed upward migration during fetal development, affecting roughly 1 in 1,000 people.
Ectopic pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy, also called a tubal or extrauterine pregnancy, is one that implants outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube, and can cause life-threatening rupture.
Ectopic testis
Ectopic testis (ICD-11 LB52.0), a form of cryptorchidism in which the testis lies outside its normal descent path, most often in the superficial inguinal pouch; requires orchidopexy, usually before 12 months.
Ectopic thymus
Ectopic thymus, also called ectopic cervical or intrathyroidal thymus, is thymic tissue stranded along the embryological descent path from the third pharyngeal pouch; a benign pediatric neck or thyroid finding that can mimic cancer.
Ectotherm
Ectotherm: an animal relying on external heat sources rather than metabolic heat to regulate body temperature; also called cold-blooded. Key contrasts with endotherms: 4–15x lower resting energy use, behavioral thermoregulation, thermal performance limits.
Ectrodactyly
Ectrodactyly, or split hand/foot malformation (SHFM), cleft hand, is a congenital central-ray limb deficiency causing missing central fingers or toes; typical (V-shaped, genetic, bilateral) versus atypical (U-shaped, sporadic) forms, TP63/DLX/WNT10B genes, EEC syndrome association.