Life and health

Endometriosis

Endometriosis: chronic inflammatory disease with endometrium-like tissue outside the uterus; affects ~10% (190 million) of reproductive-age women, causes pain and infertility, 4-12 year diagnostic delay, no cure.

Endometriosis Foundation of America

Endometriosis Foundation of America (EndoFound), New York nonprofit co-founded by Tamer Seckin and Padma Lakshmi; runs the ENPOWR school education program (47,000+ students since 2013), awards over $1 million in research grants, and hosts annual medical conferences and Patient Day.

Endometriosis of fallopian tube

Endometriosis of fallopian tube (tubal endometriosis), ICD-11 GA10.B3, is ectopic endometrial tissue in the fallopian tubes; found in up to 60% of moderate-to-severe endometriosis, diagnosed histologically after salpingectomy, presenting mainly with infertility and abdominal pain.

Endometriosis of intestine

Endometriosis of intestine, or bowel endometriosis, is deep endometriosis infiltrating the bowel wall, mostly the rectosigmoid. Treated with hormones or shaving, discoid excision, or segmental resection, balancing complications against recurrence.

Endometriosis of pelvic peritoneum

Endometriosis of pelvic peritoneum (ICD-11 GA10.C2), superficial peritoneal endometriosis: ectopic endometrial tissue within 5 mm of the pelvic peritoneal surface, the most common endometriosis subtype, diagnosed by laparoscopy.

Endometriosis of the bladder

Endometriosis of the bladder (bladder endometriosis, ICD-11 GA10.D0): endometrial glands and stroma in the bladder detrusor muscle; the most common urinary tract endometriosis site, 70-85% of cases, treated with hormones or partial cystectomy.

Endometriosis of the uterosacral ligaments

Endometriosis of the uterosacral ligaments (USL endometriosis), the most frequent site of deep infiltrating endometriosis; diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound (sensitivity 65%, specificity 92%) and MRI, classified in Enzian compartment B.

Endometriosis Society of India

Endometriosis Society India (ESI), also called Endometriosis Society of India, a voluntary non-profit society founded 2003 in Kolkata by Dr B.N. Chakravarty and Pramathes Das Mahapatra; ~150 members, Endoinsight newsletter, five zones, chapters, and international conferences on endometriosis and adenomyosis.

Endometriosis-associated infertility

Endometriosis-associated infertility is the reduced ability to conceive caused by endometrium-like tissue outside the uterine cavity. Guidelines advise against routine surgery before IVF, which achieves live birth rates only slightly below those of other infertility causes.

Endometriosis-related adhesions

Endometriosis-related adhesions are fibrous bands tethering pelvic organs in endometriosis, present in up to 50–70% of moderate-to-severe cases at first surgery; driven by dysregulated peritoneal repair and TGF-β-mediated fibrosis, with no effective drug therapy.

Endometrium

Endometrium (uterine lining): mucous membrane lining the uterus, with basal and functional layers, controlled by estradiol and progesterone; site of embryo implantation during the days 20-24 window of implantation and source of menstrual shedding.

Endomicroscopy

Endomicroscopy is microscopic imaging of living tissue during an endoscopic procedure, most often by confocal laser scanning, giving endoscopists a real-time optical biopsy at cellular resolution.

Endomyces

Endomyces (Reess, 1870) is a genus of ascomycetous yeasts in Endomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, described as ascus-bearing parasites of basidiocarps; its type species E. decipiens and many species have been taxonomically reassigned.

Endomyocardial biopsy

Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is an invasive procedure in which small plugs of heart muscle are removed with a catheter-mounted forceps and examined to diagnose myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and transplant rejection.

Endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy

Endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy is a tear-drainage surgery performed entirely through the nose to treat watery eyes from a blocked nasolacrimal duct, avoiding the external scar of classic dacryocystorhinostomy.

Endonasal resection

Endonasal resection is a neurosurgical and otolaryngology technique that removes pituitary, skull base, and sinus tumors through the nasal cavity, usually with an endoscope, via modular corridors such as the transsphenoidal route.

Endonuclease

Endonuclease: an enzyme that cleaves phosphodiester bonds inside nucleic acid chains, unlike exonucleases. Includes restriction enzymes (EcoK1, 1968; 1978 Nobel) and CRISPR-Cas nucleases used in cloning, repair, and diagnostics.

Endonuclease dU

Endonuclease dU (Endo_dU) is a family of DUF99-domain endonucleases, mostly archaeal and bacterial, that specifically cleave DNA on the 3'-side of deoxyuridine, proposed to participate in uracil DNA repair alongside uracil-DNA glycosylase.

Endonuclease V

Endonuclease V (EndoV, ENDOV, nfi) is a conserved repair nuclease, discovered in E. coli in 1977, that nicks DNA or RNA one nucleotide 3' to deaminated bases such as inosine; bacterial homologs repair DNA while human EndoV cleaves inosine-containing RNA.

Endopeptidase cleavage specificity

Endopeptidase cleavage specificity: the preference of internal-bond-cleaving proteases for residues around the scissile bond, described by Schechter-Berger P/S subsite nomenclature, shaped by active-site pockets, exosites, and cofactors, and cataloged in MEROPS.

Endophthalmitis

Endophthalmitis: purulent intraocular inflammation of vitreous and aqueous, usually infectious; exogenous or endogenous. Treated with intravitreal vancomycin and ceftazidime, with vitrectomy guided by the 1995 EVS trial.

Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a continuous network of membrane-bound tubules and sheets in eukaryotic cells where secreted and membrane proteins are synthesized and folded, most lipids are made, and calcium is stored.

Endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1

Endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1 (ERO1, ERO1A/ERO1α) is a FAD-dependent ER sulfhydryl oxidase that reoxidizes PDI to drive disulfide bond formation, producing H2O2, and is a poor-prognosis cancer marker with no approved inhibitors.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress): disturbance of ER protein folding that activates the unfolded protein response via IRE1, PERK, and ATF6 sensors, restoring homeostasis or triggering apoptosis; linked to diabetes, cancer, and neurodegeneration.

Endoplasmic-reticulum–Golgi intermediate compartment

The endoplasmic-reticulum–Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), also called the vesicular-tubular cluster, is a system of membrane-bounded tubules and vesicles between the ER and Golgi that sorts secretory cargo.

EndoPredict

EndoPredict is an RNA-based prognostic test for ER-positive, HER2-negative early breast cancer that measures 12 genes in tumor tissue to estimate distant recurrence risk and guide decisions about adjuvant chemotherapy.

Endoprosthetic reconstruction

Endoprosthetic reconstruction replaces bone and joint segments resected for musculoskeletal tumors with modular metal megaprostheses, restoring skeletal continuity and limb function as an alternative to amputation.

Endoregulin

Endoregulin, encoded by the ERLN gene and also known as SMIM6, is a 62-amino-acid human endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein that inhibits the calcium pumps SERCA2 and SERCA3.