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Endocrine system
Endocrine system: the body's hormone-secreting glands (hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, gonads) releasing over 50 hormones into blood to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, with feedback loops and neuroendocrine links.
Endocrine-cerebro-osteodysplasia syndrome
Endocrine-cerebro-osteodysplasia (ECO) syndrome, ORPHA:199332, OMIM 612651, is a rare autosomal recessive neonatal-lethal ciliopathy caused by ICK/CILK1 mutations (R272Q, G120C), with endocrine, cerebral, and skeletal anomalies.
Endocrinologists
Endocrinologists: physicians specializing in diagnosis and treatment of gland and hormone disorders, including diabetes, thyroid disease, obesity, and osteoporosis; trained via internal medicine residency plus endocrinology fellowship, facing workforce shortages in the US and Europe.
Endocrinology
Endocrinology: the medical and biological study of hormones and the endocrine system, also called hormone science. Covers glandular disorders (diabetes, thyroid, adrenal, pituitary, bone), its 1889–1905 founding, training pathways, and workforce access challenges.
Endocytoscopy
Endocytoscopy (EC) is an endoscopic imaging technique giving real-time microscopic views of living gastrointestinal mucosa by pressing an ultra-high-magnification contact endoscope against stained tissue, often described as an optical biopsy.
Endocytosis
Endocytosis: cellular uptake of macromolecules and membrane via vesicles. Also phagocytosis, pinocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Pathways include CME (~120 nm vesicles), caveolae (~60 nm), CLIC/GEEC, macropinocytosis; coined by Metchnikoff (1883) and Lewis (1931).
Endodermal cell
Endodermal cell (endoderm cell, CL:0000223): a cell of the innermost embryonic germ layer. Definitive endoderm arises from the epiblast at gastrulation, forms the gut tube, and yields digestive and respiratory epithelia and organs like liver and pancreas.
Endodontics
Endodontics, from Greek endo (within) and odont (tooth), is the dental specialty of the dental pulp and root tissues, covering root canal treatment, vital pulp therapy, and endodontic surgery; ADA-recognized since 1967.
Endogenous cardiac stem cell
Endogenous cardiac stem cells (CSCs), heart-resident progenitors marked by c-Kit, Sca-1, Isl-1, once proposed for cardiomyocyte regeneration; lineage tracing showed negligible myogenic capacity, refuting the concept.
Endogenous retrovirus
An endogenous retrovirus (ERV) is a retroviral genome permanently integrated into a host species' germline DNA and inherited by offspring, making up about 8% of human DNA.
Endogonales
Endogonales: an order of early-diverging fungi in Mucoromycota, forming truffle-like zygospore sporocarps; families Endogonaceae and Densosporaceae; ectomycorrhizal, fine root endophyte, and liverwort symbionts of Silurian origin.
Endogone
Endogone, genus of Mucoromycota fungi (Endogonales, Endogonaceae) erected by Link 1809, type E. pisiformis; truffle-like zygospore sporocarps called pea truffles, ectomycorrhizal and plant-symbiotic, once a cross-phylum catch-all for AM fungi.
Endoluminal vacuum therapy
Endoluminal vacuum therapy (EVT) is an endoscopic treatment in which an open-pore sponge applies continuous negative pressure to close gastrointestinal leaks and perforations, mainly anastomotic leaks after esophageal, gastric, or rectal surgery.
Endolymphatic Shunt
Endolymphatic shunt, also called endolymphatic sac decompression or mastoid shunt, is non-ablative ear surgery for Ménière's disease vertigo, first performed by Georges Portmann in 1926, with 75-95% reported vertigo control.
Endolysin
Endolysin, or murein hydrolase, is a peptidoglycan-degrading enzyme encoded by dsDNA bacteriophages that lyses the host cell wall to release progeny virions. The term was introduced by Jacob and Fuerst in 1957.
Endomembrane system
Endomembrane system: the eukaryotic network of ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, lysosomes, vesicles, nuclear envelope, and plasma membrane that synthesizes, sorts, and transports proteins and lipids.
Endometrial ablation
Endometrial ablation is a gynecological procedure that destroys the uterine lining to treat heavy menstrual bleeding unresponsive to medication, offering a safe alternative to hysterectomy.
Endometrial biopsy
Endometrial biopsy is an office-based procedure that removes a small sample of the uterine lining for microscopic diagnosis, chiefly to evaluate abnormal bleeding and detect hyperplasia or cancer.
Endometrial cancer
Endometrial cancer is cancer of the endometrium, the uterine lining; the common form of uterine cancer. About 69,120 US cases projected in 2025; four TCGA molecular subtypes; surgery is the main treatment; no routine screening test.
Endometrial clear cell adenocarcinoma
Endometrial clear cell adenocarcinoma (endometrial clear cell carcinoma, ECCC) is a rare, aggressive endometrial cancer subtype, under 5% of cases, with papillary/tubulocystic/solid architecture, HNF-1β positivity, ER/PR negativity, and molecularly heterogeneous prognosis.
Endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma
Endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma, also called endometrioid cancer, is the most common endometrial cancer, arising in endometrial gland cells with a usually good prognosis; graded FIGO 1-3 and classified into POLEmut, MMRd, p53abn, or NSMP molecular subtypes.
Endometrial hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia, also called benign or atypical hyperplasia (EIN/AEH), is overgrowth of the uterine lining from unopposed estrogen; atypical forms are precursors of endometrial cancer, treated with progestins or hysterectomy.
Endometrial mucinous adenocarcinoma
Endometrial mucinous adenocarcinoma (ICD-11 2C76.1): endometrial carcinoma rich in mucin-producing cells. Conventional type behaves like endometrioid carcinoma; rare gastric (gastrointestinal)-type EGMA, a WHO 2020 entity, is aggressive and high grade by definition.
Endometrial polyp
Endometrial polyp: localized overgrowth of uterine lining tissue, also called endometrial polyps. Usually asymptomatic; cause abnormal uterine bleeding or subfertility; about 3% malignant risk; diagnosed by ultrasound and hysteroscopy, treated by hysteroscopic polypectomy.
Endometrial sampling
Endometrial sampling is an office gynecological procedure that removes a small piece of the uterine lining, usually with a Pipelle suction device, to diagnose cancer, hyperplasia, and abnormal bleeding.
Endometrial serous adenocarcinoma
Endometrial serous adenocarcinoma (uterine serous carcinoma, ESC) is an aggressive type II endometrial cancer, 3–10% of cases, defined by TP53 mutation, p53-abnormal molecular class, deep myometrial invasion, and poor survival.
Endometrial small cell carcinoma
Endometrial small cell carcinoma (ICD-11 2C76.41) is a rare, aggressive neuroendocrine cancer of the uterine lining, about 0.8% of endometrial carcinomas, diagnosed by van Hoeven criteria and neuroendocrine markers, with poor prognosis.
Endometrial stromal sarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS), low-grade and high-grade, is a rare malignant uterine stromal tumor, about 15–20% of uterine sarcomas, defined by JAZF1-SUZ12 or YWHAE-NUTM2A/B fusions, treated by hysterectomy plus hormonal therapy.
Endometrioid adenocarcinoma of ovary
Endometrioid adenocarcinoma of ovary (ovarian endometrioid carcinoma, ICD-11 2C73.01): an epithelial ovarian cancer resembling endometrial adenocarcinoma, about 10% of primary ovarian carcinomas, endometriosis-associated, low grade, favorable prognosis.
Endometrioma
Endometrioma, also called chocolate cyst, is an ovarian cyst of ectopic endometrial tissue occurring in 17–44% of women with endometriosis; surgery before IVF does not improve live birth but reduces ovarian reserve.