72,234 articles
Endemic pemphigus foliaceus
Endemic pemphigus foliaceus, or fogo selvagem, is an autoimmune blistering disease caused by IgG4 anti-desmoglein 1 antibodies, endemic to rural Brazil, parts of South America, and Tunisia, affecting children and young adults.
Endemic spider families of Australia
Endemic spider families of Australia are family-rank spider lineages assessed for endemism; Australia has at least one endemic family, Atracidae, plus near-endemic families shared with New Guinea and other regions.
Endemic spider genera of New Zealand and Oceania
Endemic spider genera of New Zealand and Oceania are spider genera confined to single landmasses or archipelagos, including about 93 genera found only in New Zealand.
Endemic spiders of Asia
Endemic spiders of Asia are spider species that live nowhere outside Asia, whether in one country, mountain range, or island; national checklists show high endemism but incomplete data.
Endemism
Endemism is the restriction of a species to a defined geographic region, arising from isolation or abiotic conditions. Key metrics include weighted and phylogenetic endemism; islands show exceptionally high endemism richness and conservation value.
Endling
Endling: the last known surviving individual of a species or subspecies, whose death means extinction; also the last of a family line. Coined by Robert Webster and Bruce Erickson in Nature in 1996; famous examples include Martha the passenger pigeon and Lonesome George.
Endo- and exopeptidase classification
Peptidases are classified on two independent axes: exopeptidases cleave near a chain terminus while endopeptidases act internally, and catalytic mechanism distinguishes serine, cysteine, and other types.
Endo-alpha(1,4)-fucoidanase Mef1
Endo-alpha(1,4)-fucoidanase Mef1 (EC 3.2.1.212, GH107) from Muricauda eckloniae cleaves α(1,4) bonds between C2-sulfated fucose residues in brown-algal fucoidan; Ca2+-dependent, (β/α)8-barrel, His270/Asp187 catalysis, PDB 8BPD.
Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase
Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (ENGases, EC 3.2.1.96) are GH18 and GH85 glycoside hydrolases from bacteria to humans that cleave the chitobiose core of N-glycans, leaving one GlcNAc on the protein; used in deglycosylation, glycoprotein synthesis, and IgG targeting.
Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H
Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H (Endo H, EC 3.2.1.96), a GH18 endoglycosidase from Streptomyces plicatus, cleaves core GlcNAc of high-mannose and some hybrid N-glycans, not complex types, a standard deglycosylation reagent.
ENDOA trial
ENDOA (NCT06949176) is a randomized Athens trial comparing 2.5% versus 5% sodium hypochlorite root canal irrigation in necrotic teeth with apical periodontitis, using qPCR bacterial load and one-year Periapical Index outcomes; 44 enrolled, active, not recruiting.
ENDOABG trial
ENDOABG (NCT06959602) is a randomized trial at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens comparing 2.5% sodium hypochlorite alone, with PUI, and with XP-Endo Finisher activation in 66 teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis, measuring qPCR bacterial reduction and 6- and 12-month healing.
Endoanal ultrasound
Endoanal ultrasound is an imaging technique using a probe in the anal canal to view the anal sphincter muscles, mainly to evaluate fecal incontinence and fistulas.
EndoBarrier trial
EndoBarrier trial: UK multicenter RCT (NCT02459561, ISRCTN30845205) of the EndoBarrier duodenal-jejunal bypass liner versus medical therapy in obese type 2 diabetes; also the US ENDO trial halted 2015 for hepatic abscess.
Endobronchial ultrasound
Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) is a bronchoscopic imaging technique that visualizes structures in and beyond the airway wall and guides biopsy of nearby lymph nodes and lung lesions.
Endocannabinoid system
Endocannabinoid system: lipid signaling network of CB1/CB2 receptors, endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-AG, and FAAH/MAGL enzymes, discovered after THC, regulating pain, appetite, immunity, and neurotransmitter release.
Endocardial cell
Endocardial cell (CL:0002350), also called endocardial endothelial cell: the endothelial cell lining the heart chambers' inner surface, distinct from coronary endothelium in origin, markers (Npr3, Hapln1, Cdh11), and roles in valves, trabeculation, and cardiomyocyte signaling.
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE), also called elastomyofibrosis, is a rare thickening of the heart's endocardium by fibrous and elastic tissue, mainly in infants, usually secondary to other cardiac disease, causing heart failure.
Endocarditis
Endocarditis is inflammation of the heart's inner lining, usually the valves; when caused by bacteria or fungi entering the bloodstream it is called infective endocarditis.
Endocardium
Endocardium: the endothelial innermost lining of the heart, continuous with vessel intima, with a subendocardium holding Purkinje fibers; embryonically from cardiac crescent mesoderm, it forms valves, septa, and conduction tissue.
Endocervical curettage
Endocervical curettage is a gynecological diagnostic procedure that scrapes the endocervical canal for a tissue sample during colposcopy, detecting precancerous or cancerous disease the colposcope cannot see.
Endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification, also called intercartilaginous ossification, is one of the two modes of bone formation, in which a cartilage template is progressively replaced by bone, forming most bones of the mammalian skeleton.
Endocochlear potential and cochlear homeostasis
Endocochlear potential (EP), the ~+80 mV positive potential of cochlear endolymph generated by the stria vascularis via Kir4.1 channels, drives hair-cell transduction; its maintenance through potassium recycling defines cochlear homeostasis.
Endocrine cell
Endocrine cell (endocrinocyte, CL:0000163): a secretory cell of a ductless gland that releases hormones directly into the blood. Subtypes include neuroendocrine, enteroendocrine, and the five pancreatic islet cell types.
Endocrine Diagnostic Techniques
Endocrine diagnostic techniques: biochemical assays, dynamic stimulation and suppression tests, imaging, and venous sampling used to diagnose hormone disorders such as PPGL, Cushing syndrome, and adrenal insufficiency.
Endocrine disease
Endocrine disease: disorders of the eight major hormone glands (thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, pancreas) causing hormone excess, deficiency, or resistance; classified primary, secondary, or tertiary.
Endocrine disruptor
Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) are exogenous chemicals, such as BPA, phthalates, PFAS, and pesticides, that interfere with hormone action and cause adverse health effects; regulated in the EU under CLP hazard classes since 2023.
Endocrine gland
Endocrine glands are ductless organs, including the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and pancreas, that secrete hormones directly into the blood; the hypothalamic-pituitary axis regulates them by feedback, unlike ducted exocrine glands.
Endocrine pathology
Endocrine Pathology: peer-reviewed quarterly journal (ISSN 1046-3976, 1559-0097) founded March 1990 by Kovacs and Asa, official journal of the Endocrine Pathology Society, published by Springer, 2025 impact factor 4.6, Q1.
Endocrine Surgical Procedures
Endocrine surgical procedures are operations on endocrine glands such as thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy, and adrenalectomy; the field traces to Kocher and is now guided by ATA, AAES, and ESES standards.