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Esther Oliva
Esther Oliva is a Spanish-born gynecologic and genitourinary pathologist at Massachusetts General Hospital and professor at Harvard Medical School, known for her work on uterine mesenchymal tumors and the WHO classification.
Esthesioneuroblastoma
Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma) is a rare malignant neuroectodermal tumor of the olfactory epithelium in the superior nasal cavity, first described in 1924, staged by the Kadish system, graded by Hyams, and treated mainly with surgery plus radiation.
Estradiol
Estradiol (17β-estradiol, E2) is the most potent human estrogen, made by ovarian granulosa cells and by aromatase conversion of testosterone; purified by Doisy in 1936, it acts via ERα/ERβ and is used in menopausal hormone therapy, contraception, and gender-affirming care.
Estramustine
Estramustine is an antineoplastic drug that combines estradiol with a nitrogen mustard group, used as the prodrug estramustine phosphate (Emcyt) for metastatic or progressive prostate cancer.
Estrilda
Estrilda (Swainson, 1827) is a genus of African waxbill finches in the family Estrildidae, type species the Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild. A 2020 phylogeny found the genus non-monophyletic, splitting off Brunhilda and Glaucestrilda.
Estriol
Estriol (E3, 16α-hydroxyestradiol, oestriol) is the weak, short-acting third major human estrogen, made by the feto-placental unit and the principal estrogen of pregnancy; used vaginally in Europe for menopausal symptoms but not FDA approved.
Estrogen
Estrogen: collective term for the female sex hormones estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and estriol (E3), steroid hormones made from androgens by aromatase. Purified 1929 by Doisy and Butenandt; acts via ERα, ERβ, GPER1; basis of contraception and menopausal hormone therapy.
Estrogen biosynthesis
Estrogen biosynthesis (aromatase pathway, CYP19A1, Reactome R-HSA-193144): conversion of cholesterol-derived androgens testosterone and androstenedione to estradiol and estrone via three-step aromatization, regulated by FSH/LH and tissue-specific promoters.
Estrogen in Venous Thromboembolism Trial
Estrogen in Venous Thromboembolism Trial (EVTET), Norwegian randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (Høibraaten et al., 2000) of 2 mg estradiol plus 1 mg norethisterone acetate in 140 women with prior VTE; stopped early after 10.7% versus 2.3% recurrence.
Estrogen receptor
Estrogen receptor (ER; ESR1/ESR2): nuclear receptor for estrogen, subtypes ERα and ERβ, discovered by Jensen in 1958; drives gene transcription, marks ER-positive breast cancer, and is the target of SERMs and SERDs.
Estrous cycle
The estrous cycle is the recurring reproductive cycle of female mammals other than humans and some primates, driven by hormones and marked by receptivity to mating rather than menstruation.
Estrous synchronization
Estrous synchronization (estrus synchronization) coordinates livestock heat periods with progesterone, prostaglandin, and GnRH protocols, enabling timed artificial insemination, uniform calving, and 30–65% timed-AI pregnancy rates in cattle.
Estrus
Estrus, also called heat or oestrus, is the recurring phase in which females of nearly all mammals except the higher primates become sexually receptive and can conceive, triggered by surges of estrogen.
Estrus synchronization
Estrus synchronization is a reproductive management method using hormones like GnRH and prostaglandin to group herd estrus into a short window, concentrating breeding and artificial insemination.
Esuberaprost
Esuberaprost (beraprost-314d, APS-314D, CTO-1681) is the active single enantiomer of beraprost, an oral prostacyclin IP receptor agonist developed by United Therapeutics for pulmonary arterial hypertension; its phase 3 BEAT trial missed its primary endpoint.
Eszopiclone
Eszopiclone (Lunesta), the S-enantiomer of zopiclone, is a cyclopyrrolone nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic acting at the GABA_A receptor; FDA-approved 2004 for insomnia, half-life about 6 hours, boxed warning for complex sleep behaviors.
Etacelasil
Etacelasil (CGA 13586), an obsolete ethylene-releasing organosilicon plant growth regulator and abscission agent developed by Ciba-Geigy, first reported 1974; not approved in the EU since 2002, with a default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg.
Etaconazole
Etaconazole (CGA 64251, Sonax) is an obsolete triazole-dioxolane fungicide, C14H15Cl2N3O2, that inhibits fungal sterol 14α-demethylase; used against powdery mildew and citrus postharvest rots, now not EU-approved.
Etacystis
Etacystis (Etacystis communis), the H-animal or aitch, an extinct H-shaped soft-bodied invertebrate of uncertain affinity known only from the Pennsylvanian Mazon Creek beds of Illinois; suggested hydrozoan or hemichordate affinities remain unresolved.
Etanercept
Etanercept (Enbrel), a p75 TNF receptor-Fc fusion protein and first FDA-approved Fc-fusion drug (1998), blocks TNF-α and TNF-β for RA, PsA, AS, psoriasis, and JIA, with biosimilars Erelzi and Eticovo.
Etelcalcetide
Etelcalcetide (Parsabiv) is an intravenous second-generation calcimimetic peptide, a direct calcium-sensing receptor agonist given three times weekly after hemodialysis to lower PTH in secondary hyperparathyroidism; more potent than cinacalcet but with greater hypocalcemia risk.
Etentamig
Etentamig (ABBV-383, formerly TNB-383B) is AbbVie's investigational BCMA x CD3 bispecific T-cell engager for multiple myeloma and AL amyloidosis; its Phase 3 CERVINO trial reported 74% ORR and PFS hazard ratio 0.40 versus standard therapies.
Eteplirsen
Eteplirsen (Exondys 51) is a phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer inducing exon 51 skipping in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, FDA accelerated approval 2016, EU-refused, controversial efficacy evidence, ~13% of DMD patients eligible.
Etesevimab
Etesevimab (JS016, LY-CoV016, CB6) is a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD, developed by Junshi Biosciences and IMCAS with Eli Lilly, authorized with bamlanivimab for COVID-19 and revoked in 2023 over resistant variants.
Etest
The Etest is a gradient diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in which a plastic strip carrying a dried antibiotic gradient yields a quantified MIC on agar.
ETF1
ETF1 (eRF1, ERF1, TB3-1) is a human gene at 5q31.2 encoding eukaryotic release factor 1, which recognizes all three stop codons UAA, UAG, UGA and catalyzes peptide release; it also acts in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Not the investment term ETF.
ETFA
ETFA, electron transfer flavoprotein subunit alpha, a chromosome 15 gene encoding the alpha subunit of mitochondrial ETF; mutations cause glutaric acidemia type II (MADD), with p.Thr266Met a common variant.
Ethaboxam
Ethaboxam (CAS 162650-77-3) is a thiazole carboxamide, FRAC group 22 β-tubulin-inhibiting fungicide specific to oomycetes, used in corn and soybean seed treatments and against downy mildew and Phytophthora diseases.
Ethalfluralin
Ethalfluralin (Sonalan, CAS 55283-68-6) is a dinitroaniline Group 3 preemergence herbicide controlling annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in soybeans, dry beans, sunflowers, and hemp; first hemp pesticide tolerance, 2023.
Ethametsulfuron methyl
Ethametsulfuron methyl (DPX-A7881, Muster, Salsa) is a DuPont sulfonylurea, Group 2 ALS-inhibitor herbicide controlling Brassicaceae weeds in canola; not EU-approved since 2020, US uses cancelled.