72,234 articles
Esmirtazapine
Esmirtazapine (Org 50081), the S(+) enantiomer of mirtazapine as its maleic acid salt, is an investigational 5-HT2A/H1 antagonist studied by Merck at 1.5-4.5 mg for primary insomnia, improving sleep time without rebound insomnia.
Esmond E. Snell
Esmond E. Snell (1914–2003) was an American biochemist who helped discover folic acid, identified pyridoxal and pyridoxamine as coenzyme forms of vitamin B6, and pioneered microbiological vitamin assays.
Esmond R. Long
Esmond R. Long (1890–1979) was an American pathologist at the University of Pennsylvania whose research with Florence Seibert produced purified protein derivative, the worldwide standard for tuberculin skin testing.
Esnandes
Esnandes, Charente-Maritime commune near La Rochelle on the Bay of Aiguillon; home of bouchot mussel farming, the Walton 1235 legend, fortified church Saint-Martin, and a mussel museum.
Esomeprazole
Esomeprazole (Nexium) is the S-enantiomer of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor launched by AstraZeneca in 2000 that irreversibly blocks the gastric H+/K+-ATPase; used for GERD, erosive esophagitis, H. pylori eradication, and hypersecretory conditions.
Esophageal achalasia
Esophageal achalasia: rare esophageal motility disorder with aperistalsis and failed lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, causing dysphagia and regurgitation; treated by pneumatic dilation, Heller myotomy, POEM, or botox.
Esophageal atresia
Esophageal atresia (EA), usually with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), is a congenital interruption of the esophagus occurring in about 1 in 2500-4000 births; most cases are Gross type C with distal fistula, first definitively repaired by Cameron Haight in 1941.
Esophageal biopsy
An esophageal biopsy is a tissue sample taken from the esophageal lining, usually with forceps passed through an endoscope, to diagnose eosinophilic esophagitis, infections, Barrett's esophagus, and cancer.
Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer, malignant disease of the esophagus lining; main subtypes squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. About 604,000 new cases in 2020; tobacco, alcohol, and Barrett esophagus are key risk factors.
Esophageal dilation
Esophageal dilation is an endoscopic procedure that widens a narrowed esophagus with bougies or balloons to relieve dysphagia from benign strictures, achalasia, or eosinophilic esophagitis.
Esophageal impedance pH monitoring
Esophageal impedance pH monitoring is a diagnostic test recording impedance and pH in the esophagus for 24 hours or more to detect and classify reflux episodes.
Esophageal pH monitoring
Esophageal pH monitoring is a diagnostic test that measures esophageal acidity over one to four days, using a nasal catheter or wireless capsule, to quantify gastroesophageal reflux.
Esophageal speech
Esophageal speech is a device-free method of voice restoration after total laryngectomy, in which air injected into the esophagus vibrates the pharyngoesophageal segment to produce voice.
Esophageal varices
Oesophageal varices are dilated submucosal veins of the lower oesophagus caused by portal hypertension, usually cirrhosis; they form above an HVPG of 10 mmHg, affect most cirrhosis patients within 10 years, and are treated with beta-blockers, band ligation, and TIPS.
Esophagectomy
Esophagectomy is an operation that removes part or all of the esophagus, usually to treat esophageal cancer, rebuilding continuity with a stomach tube or a segment of intestine.
Esophagitis
Esophagitis is inflammation of the esophagus, the tube carrying food from mouth to stomach, causing difficulty swallowing and chest pain, with causes including acid reflux, allergy, pills, and infection.
Esophagogastric anastomosis
Esophagogastric anastomosis is a surgical connection between the remaining esophagus and a stomach fashioned into a conduit, restoring upper gastrointestinal continuity after esophagectomy; it may be hand-sewn or stapled, in the neck or chest.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD, upper endoscopy): endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum through the mouth. Over 7.4 million performed yearly in the US; developed from the 1932 Wolf-Schindler gastroscope and 1957 Hirschowitz fiberoscope.
Esophagography
Esophagography, commonly called a barium swallow or barium esophagram, is a fluoroscopic study in which the patient swallows barium to outline the esophagus, evaluating dysphagia, motility disorders, rings, strictures, and reflux.
Esophagojejunostomy
Esophagojejunostomy is a surgical anastomosis joining the esophagus to the jejunum, performed chiefly to restore digestive tract continuity after total gastrectomy, usually in the Roux-en-Y configuration.
Esophagoplasty
Esophagoplasty is surgical reconstruction of the esophagus, typically after esophagectomy, using gastric, jejunal, colonic, or ileocolonic conduits when the stomach is unavailable; first jejunal replacement by Roux in 1907, first colonic by Kelling and Vulliet in 1911.
Esophagoscopes
Esophagoscopes are thin, lighted tube instruments, rigid or flexible, for examining the esophagus. Includes Chevalier Jackson's 1890 rigid design, LoPresti's 1964 fiberscope, and 4.5–5.1 mm transnasal office scopes.
Esophagoscopy
Esophagoscopy is an endoscopic examination in which a flexible or rigid scope is passed through the mouth to inspect the esophagus lining, detecting strictures, tumors, varices, and foreign bodies.
Esophagostomy
Esophagostomy, also known as cervical esophagostomy, is a surgical procedure creating an opening between the esophagus and the skin, usually in the lower neck, for salivary diversion or feeding.
Esophagus
Esophagus: muscular tube (~25 cm in humans) between pharynx and stomach with upper and lower sphincters; striated muscle proximally, smooth distally; peristalsis 2–8 cm/s; foregut-derived; site of GERD, achalasia, EoE, Barrett's, and cancer.
Esotropia
Esotropia, also known as cross-eye or convergent strabismus, is a form of strabismus in which one eye deviates inward toward the nose, affecting about 0.67% of people worldwide.
Esox
Esox, the pikes, is a genus of freshwater Esocidae fishes including northern pike (E. lucius), muskellunge (E. masquinongy), pickerels, Amur pike, and southern European species; elongate Holarctic ambush predators.
ESP trial
ESP trial: randomized clinical trials of the erector spinae plane block (ESPB) for pain after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in obesity; mixed results, not recommended by 2025 PROSPECT guidelines.
ESPOK trial
The ESPOK trial is a randomized controlled trial at Vinmec Healthcare System in Vietnam comparing erector spinae plane catheters with thoracic epidural analgesia after minimally invasive esophageal cancer surgery.
Espostoopsis dybowskii
Espostoopsis dybowskii (cabeça-de-velho, old man cactus) is the sole species of the monotypic cactus genus Espostoopsis, a Vulnerable columnar cactus endemic to Bahia, Brazil's caatinga, with two disjunct populations and CITES Appendix II protection.