72,234 articles
Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin (EPO), also called Hemopoietin, is a hormone produced mainly by the kidney that prompts red blood cell production; its recombinant forms treat anemia of chronic kidney disease.
Erythropoietin receptor
Erythropoietin receptor (EpoR, EPOR): homodimeric class I cytokine receptor for erythropoietin on erythroid progenitors; Jak2/STAT5 signaling; gene on 19p; central to the disputed non-hematopoietic and cancer expression controversy.
Erythrose 4-phosphate
Erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P) is a four-carbon sugar phosphate from the pentose phosphate pathway that, with PEP, initiates the seven-step shikimate pathway to chorismate and the aromatic amino acids; its low flux relative to PEP limits engineered aromatic compound production.
Erythroxylum
Erythroxylum (coca genus) is a pantropical genus of about 200-270 trees and shrubs in Erythroxylaceae, Malpighiales; includes Erythroxylum coca and E. novogranatense, source of cocaine, with intrapetiolar stipules and 10 fused stamens.
Erythrura
Erythrura (parrotfinches), genus of estrildid finches established by Swainson 1837; 10-12 species from southeast Asia to the Pacific; Gouldian Finch is its sister taxon.
ES-2
ES-2 (ES2, CVCL_3509, ATCC CRL-1978) is a human ovarian cancer cell line established in 1991, reported as clear cell carcinoma from a 47-year-old Black patient but flagged as probably misclassified, with European ancestry and BRAF V600E and TP53 S241F mutations.
ESCALATES study
ESCALATES (Evaluating System Change to Advance Learning and Take Evidence to Scale) is the national evaluation of AHRQ's EvidenceNOW Initiative, studying over 1,500 small US primary care practices across seven regional Cooperatives to improve ABCS cardiovascular preventive care.
Escallonia
Escallonia (Mutis ex L.f., 1782) is a genus of about 40 evergreen shrubs and small trees in Escalloniaceae, native from Costa Rica to southern South America; n=12 chromosomes, Andean origin, popular flowering hedge plants.
ESCAPE trial (NCT01778335)
ESCAPE (NCT01778335), a 2015 randomized trial of endovascular thrombectomy for proximal large-vessel ischemic stroke, enrolled 316 patients and showed 53% vs 29.3% functional independence at 90 days.
Escaped farmed fish and wild population interaction
Escaped farmed fish interact with wild populations through genetic introgression and disease transmission; hundreds of thousands to millions of farmed salmon escape from cages annually.
Escargot
Escargot is a prepared dish of edible land snails, most characteristically served in their shells with garlic-herb butter, a classic French appetizer eaten especially at Christmas.
ESCCNCRTvNCT trial
ESCCNCRTvNCT trial (NCT03001596, CMISG1701): Chinese multicenter randomized phase III trial comparing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy versus chemotherapy followed by minimally invasive esophagectomy in 264 patients with cT3-4aN0-1M0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; similar safety, higher pCR, no significant survival difference.
Eschar
Eschar is a layer of dead (necrotic) tissue that forms over wounds or burns, caused by burns, trauma, infections, or pressure ulcers, and must be distinguished from a scab.
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (coliform, Bacterium coli commune) is a Gram-negative gut commensal bacterium discovered by Theodor Escherich in 1885; most strains are harmless, but IPEC and ExPEC pathotypes cause diarrhea, UTIs, and sepsis, and K-12 is the leading model organism.
Escherichia coli bacteriophage preparations
Escherichia coli bacteriophage preparations are lytic phage cocktails, such as EcoShield PX and PhageGuard E, applied to foods at up to 10^8 PFU/g to control STEC and E. coli O157:H7, cleared in the US mainly through FDA GRAS notices (GRN 724, 757, 827, 834).
Escherichia coli O157:H7
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strain causing hemorrhagic colitis and HUS; first recognized in 1982 ground beef outbreaks, with a 1-100 CFU infectious dose and cattle reservoirs.
Escherichia virus T4
Escherichia virus T4 (Tequatrovirus T4), bacteriophage T4, is a T-even dsDNA virus infecting E. coli; 168,903 bp genome, contractile tail, foundational molecular genetics model.
Eschscholzia californica
Eschscholzia californica, the California poppy or golden poppy, is an herbaceous flowering plant native from Washington to Baja California, proclaimed California's state flower in 1903 and widely grown as an ornamental.
Escitalopram
Escitalopram (Lexapro, Cipralex) is an SSRI antidepressant, the active S-enantiomer of citalopram, approved in the US in 2002 for major depressive disorder and later for generalized anxiety disorder, with dose-dependent QT prolongation.
Escolar
Escolar (Lepidocybium flavobrunneum, aburasokomutsu) is a deep-sea snake mackerel sold as white tuna; about 20% of its body weight is indigestible wax esters causing keriorrhea, and its sale is banned in Japan and Italy.
ESCRT
ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) is a conserved membrane-remodeling machinery of ALIX, ESCRT-I, -II, -III, and Vps4 that cuts membrane necks from within, driving multivesicular body formation, HIV budding, cytokinesis, and membrane repair.
ESD
ESD, or esterase D, formally S-formylglutathione hydrolase, is a human enzyme and gene on chromosome 13q14 that hydrolyzes S-formylglutathione during formaldehyde detoxification; it once served as the marker for the retinoblastoma locus.
ESECC trial
ESECC trial (Endoscopic Screening for Esophageal Cancer in China, NCT01688908): cluster randomized trial in 668 villages of Hua County, Henan, testing Lugol chromoendoscopy screening in ~34,000 adults aged 45-69; 9-year follow-up showed modest, statistically uncertain reductions in esophageal cancer incidence and mortality.
Esfenvalerate
Esfenvalerate (CAS 66230-04-4), the most active stereoisomer of fenvalerate, is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide acting on insect sodium channels, used broadly in agriculture and approved in the EU, US, and Australia.
Eske Willerslev
Eske Willerslev (born 1971) is a Danish evolutionary geneticist, Prince Philip Professor at Cambridge and director of GeoGenetics, Copenhagen; pioneer of environmental DNA (2003) and leader of the first ancient human genome sequencing.
Esko A. Nikkilä
Esko A. Nikkilä (1926–1986) was a Finnish professor of medicine at the University of Helsinki, a pioneer of lipid and diabetes research who co-authored the Helsinki Heart Study.
Eslicarbazepine
Eslicarbazepine, also known as S-licarbazepine, is the active metabolite of eslicarbazepine acetate, a once-daily antiseizure medication for focal (partial-onset) seizures marketed as Aptiom in the United States and Zebinix in Europe.
ESM1
ESM1 (endocan), endothelial cell specific molecule 1, human chromosome 5q11.2 gene encoding a 50 kDa soluble dermatan sulfate proteoglycan secreted by endothelial cells; biomarker of endothelial dysfunction in cancer, sepsis, diabetes, cardiovascular disease.
Esmail D. Zanjani
Esmail Zanjani (1938–2019) was an American hematology and stem cell researcher known for developing in utero stem-cell transplantation and the fetal sheep model for testing it.
Esmethadone
Esmethadone (REL-1017, d-methadone, dextromethadone) is the opioid-inactive dextro-isomer of methadone, a low-affinity uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist developed by Relmada as an oral rapid antidepressant; phase 3 trials missed their primary endpoint and development was paused.