72,234 articles
Fosmidomycin
Fosmidomycin (FR-31564), a Streptomyces phosphonate antibiotic, inhibits DXR in the MEP isoprenoid pathway; an antimalarial drug lead with poor permeability, 3.5 h half-life, and no drug approval.
Fosnetupitant
Fosnetupitant (Akynzeo IV, with palonosetron) is a water-soluble phosphorylated prodrug of the NK1 receptor antagonist netupitant, given as a 235 mg intravenous infusion to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting; FDA approved 2018, noninferior to fosaprepitant with fewer injection-site reactions.
Fosphenytoin
Fosphenytoin (Cerebyx) is a water-soluble phosphate ester prodrug of phenytoin, dosed in phenytoin sodium equivalents, FDA-approved in 1996 for status epilepticus and neurosurgical seizures.
Fospropofol
Fospropofol, sold as Lusedra and formerly Aquavan, is a water-soluble prodrug of the anesthetic propofol used for sedation in adults during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
Fosrolapitant and palonosetron for injection
Fosrolapitant/palonosetron for injection (Ritanine, HR20013, 注射用磷罗拉匹坦帕洛诺司琼) is Hengrui's fixed-dose IV NK-1 plus 5-HT3 antiemetic, NMPA-approved May 27, 2025 for HEC-induced CINV, with a 188-hour rolapitant half-life allowing one dose per cycle.
Fossa (animal)
Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox, fosa): Madagascar's largest living carnivoran, a cat-like Eupleridae member related to mongooses, preying on lemurs (over 50% of diet), listed Vulnerable, with extinct larger relative C. spelea.
Fossa ovalis (heart)
Fossa ovalis: oval depression on the lower interatrial septum of the right atrium, the closed remnant of the fetal foramen ovale; floor is septum primum, rim (limbus) is septum secundum; fusion fails in about 25% of people, leaving a patent foramen ovale.
Fossil
Fossil: preserved evidence of ancient life, from Latin fossilis ("dug up"), first used by Agricola in 1546. Includes body and trace fossils, formed by permineralization, molds, carbonization, and other processes; the fossil record is rich but biased toward hard parts and marine settings.
Fossil and evolutionary history of crane flies
The fossil and evolutionary history of crane flies (Tipuloidea) begins in the Middle Triassic about 245 million years ago, with Limoniidae dominating a thin, uneven fossil record.
Fossil and evolutionary record of Glomeromycota
The fossil record of Glomeromycota, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiotic with about 85% of plant species, includes unequivocal arbuscules in Early Devonian plants from Scotland's Rhynie chert.
Fossil and extinct gnetophytes
Fossil and extinct gnetophytes are Mesozoic and Cenozoic plant fossils assigned to the gnetophyte lineage, whose living relatives are Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia; their diversity peaked in the Early Cretaceous.
Fossil and extinct isoetalean lycophytes
Fossil and extinct isoetalean lycophytes are the extinct relatives of quillworts, ranging from the latest Devonian to the Holocene and once including trees up to 50 m tall.
Fossil Araucariaceae
Fossil Araucariaceae is the fossil record of the southern conifer family that includes the monkey puzzle tree, kauris, and the Wollemi pine, once widespread across Gondwana in the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.
Fossil Asilomorpha
Fossil Asilomorpha are preserved remains of robber flies, bee flies, and their asiloid relatives, known from amber and compression fossils spanning the mid-Cretaceous to the Miocene.
Fossil barnacles
Fossil barnacles are the preserved shell plates of barnacle crustaceans, first recorded in the Silurian with Cyprilepas, radiating among Jurassic stalked forms, and expanding in the Cenozoic.
Fossil bees and bee paleontology
Fossil bees are the preserved remains, impressions, and nests of bees, a lineage arising from carnivorous apoid wasps in the late Early Cretaceous; 99% of fossils are Tertiary.
Fossil demosponges
Fossil demosponges are the remains of sponges of the class Demospongiae, the largest sponge class, preserved from the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition onward as spicules, fused frameworks, or organic molds.
Fossil gastropod localities and Lagerstätten
Fossil gastropod localities and Lagerstätten are deposits where snail shells, and sometimes soft parts and color patterns, are preserved far better than ordinary fossilization allows.
Fossil horsetails
Fossil horsetails are the preserved remains of the order Equisetales, jointed-stemmed plants known from the Devonian onward, whose extinct relatives included calamite trees up to 30 meters tall.
Fossil Muricidae classification
Fossil Muricidae classification covers how extinct murex snails are classified by shell characters, with about 1,200 fossil species known from the Upper Cretaceous to the Recent.
Fossil octocorals
Fossil octocorals: remains of Octocorallia (soft corals, sea fans, sea pens), about 3,500 living species with eight-fold polyp symmetry. Sparse Cambrian-to-Recent record of disputed forms like Cambroctoconus, Pywackia, spicules, and spiculites.
Fossil octopuses
Fossil octopuses are the preserved remains of extinct octopodiform and vampyromorph cephalopods, preserved by phosphatisation and known from Cretaceous Lebanon, Jurassic France, and Carboniferous Montana.
Fossil Podocarpaceae
Fossil Podocarpaceae is the fossil record of the podocarp conifers, preserved as cones and wood from the Early Cretaceous onward, when the family ranged far beyond its modern tropical distribution.
Fossil record and evolutionary origins of ascidians
The fossil record of ascidians is sparse, best known from the 500-million-year-old Megasiphon thylakos of Utah, which shows the modern tunicate body plan arose early.
Fossil record of chitons
The fossil record of chitons is unusually sparse compared with bivalves and gastropods, because their aragonitic valves dissolve readily, yet chiton-like fossils date back about 500 million years.
Fossil record of freshwater mussels
The fossil record of freshwater mussels covers extinct and ancient members of the order Unionida, bivalve molluscs confined to fresh water, with the oldest unambiguous fossils from the Triassic.
Fossil record of mygalomorph spiders
Fossil record of mygalomorph spiders: tarantula relatives known from Rosamygale grauvogeli (Middle Triassic, 242 Ma, France), Cretaceous Kachin amber Macrothelidae, and Miocene Megamonodontium; sparse due to burrowing habits.
Fossil record of mytilid mussels
The fossil record of mytilid mussels stretches from the Devonian, and possibly the Silurian, to the Pleistocene, with 58 fossil genera recognized despite poorly preserved, mostly toothless shells.
Fossil record of sea anemones
Fossil record of sea anemones (Actiniaria): exceptionally sparse because soft polyps lack skeletons. Key evidence includes Cambrian Eolympia pediculata, Ediacaran trace fossils, and Essexella from Mazon Creek, the only abundant fossil anemone.
Fossil scaphopods
Fossil scaphopods are the preserved tubular shells of tusk shells, marine molluscs known from the late Silurian or Early Devonian onward, with roughly 800 valid fossil species.