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Fracture of middle finger
Fracture of the middle finger: break of a phalanx of the third digit, usually from direct blow or axial load. Diagnosed by AP, lateral, oblique X-rays; stable fractures get buddy taping, displaced ones reduction and gutter splinting.
Fracture of nasal bones
Fracture of the nasal bones (nasal fracture, broken nose): the most common facial fracture, about 45% of facial fractures, usually from blunt trauma. Diagnosed clinically; radiographs not recommended; septal hematoma must be excluded; reduction within 14 days.
Fracture of neck
A fracture of neck, commonly called a broken neck, is a break in one of the seven cervical vertebrae, usually caused by falls or road traffic crashes.
Fracture of neck of femur
Fracture of neck of femur (femoral neck fracture, fractured NOF) is an intracapsular hip fracture through the femoral neck, usually after a fall in the elderly. Classified by Garden and Pauwels systems; treated by internal fixation or arthroplasty, with arthroplasty favored for displaced fractures.
Fracture of odontoid process
Fracture of the odontoid process (dens fracture, odontoid fracture): break of the C2 peg, classified Anderson-D'Alonzo types I-III; type II at the base has the highest nonunion risk; treatment surgical versus conservative remains debated, especially in the elderly.
Fracture of orbital floor
Fracture of orbital floor, or blowout fracture: break of the thin maxillary roof with intact inferior rim, causing diplopia, enophthalmos, and V2 numbness; repaired via transconjunctival, subciliary, subtarsal, or endoscopic approaches.
Fracture of orbital roof
A fracture of the orbital roof is a break in the bone forming the ceiling of the eye socket, usually from high-energy blunt trauma to the forehead.
Fracture of patella
Fracture of patella (kneecap fracture), about 1% of all fractures; treated non-operatively or with tension-band wiring, screws, or plating; high implant-removal and reoperation rates; weak randomized evidence base.
Fracture of ring finger
Fracture of ring finger: break of the fourth digit's phalanges or fourth metacarpal. Key facts: punching injuries, three-view X-rays, malrotation checks, about 3 weeks splinting, pins or plates, high union rates.
Fracture of scapula
A fracture of the scapula is a break of the shoulder blade, an uncommon injury, accounting for 0.4% to 1% of all fractures, usually caused by high-energy blunt trauma.
Fracture of shaft of clavicle
Fracture of shaft of clavicle (midshaft clavicle fracture), ICD-11 NC12.01: break of the middle third of the collarbone, about 80% of clavicle fractures, treated by sling or plate/nail fixation.
Fracture of shaft of femur
Fracture of shaft of femur (ICD-11 NC72.5), a break in the femoral diaphysis, usually from high-energy trauma; treated mainly by intramedullary nailing with union rates near 97%.
Fracture of shaft of humerus
Fracture of shaft of humerus (ICD-11 NC12.3), a diaphyseal upper-arm fracture, 1–3% of all fractures; treated by functional bracing or plate fixation, with similar 12-month function but lower nonunion after surgery.
Fracture of shaft of radius
Fracture of shaft of radius (ICD-11 NC32.3): a diaphyseal break of the thumb-side forearm bone. Adults usually need ORIF plating; exclude Galeazzi injury; children heal in about 5.5 weeks.
Fracture of shaft of tibia
Fracture of shaft of tibia (tibial shaft fracture, ICD-11 NC92.2) is a break in the tibial diaphysis, the most common long-bone fracture in adults, usually from high-energy trauma; treated by casting or intramedullary nailing, with compartment syndrome the key risk.
Fracture of shaft of ulna
Fracture of shaft of ulna (ICD-11 NC32.2), also called nightstick fracture when from a direct blow: a diaphyseal ulna break, stable if distal/middle, <50% displaced, <10 degrees angulated; otherwise ORIF.
Fracture of sternum
Fracture of sternum (sternal fracture): break of the breastbone from blunt chest trauma or deceleration, mostly motor vehicle collisions; 3-8% of blunt trauma, usually treated conservatively, surgery for displacement or nonunion.
Fracture of surgical neck of humerus
Fracture of surgical neck of humerus (ICD-11 NC12.21): break below the humeral head and tuberosities; commonest proximal humeral fracture in the elderly; Neer two-part when displaced >1 cm or 45°; surgery usually no better than nonoperative care.
Fracture of talus
A fracture of the talus is a break of the talus, the hindfoot bone between the tibia and calcaneus, usually caused by high-energy trauma such as a motor vehicle collision.
Fracture of thoracic vertebra
Fracture of thoracic vertebra (T1-T12): vertebral break from high-energy trauma or osteoporosis, classified by Denis three-column and AO Spine type A/B/C systems; stable compression fractures treated conservatively, unstable burst, distraction, and fracture-dislocation injuries surgically.
Fracture of vault of skull
Fracture of vault of skull (ICD-11 NA02.0, ICD-10 S02.0XXA): a break in the calvarium, the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal bones, from head trauma; isolated linear fractures have very low risk of neurosurgery or death.
Fracture of zygoma
Fracture of zygoma (zygomaticomaxillary complex, tripod, or malar fracture): break of the cheekbone from blunt midface trauma; second most common facial fracture, mostly young males, diagnosed by CT, treated surgically when displaced.
Fragaria
Fragaria, the strawberry genus (Rosaceae), 24 accepted species from diploid to decaploid on x=7; Fragaria × ananassa, the octoploid garden strawberry, is a hybrid of F. virginiana and F. chiloensis from the Americas.
Fragaria vesca
Fragaria vesca, woodland or wild strawberry, alpine strawberry, is a diploid Rosaceae perennial herb with 240 Mb genome, reference genome for Fragaria, and diploid progenitor of cultivated Fragaria × ananassa.
Fragilaria
Fragilaria, established by Lyngbye in 1819, is a genus of araphid freshwater diatoms forming ribbon-shaped colonies, widely used in paleolimnology to reconstruct past lake conditions.
Fragile X syndrome
Fragile X syndrome, or Martin-Bell syndrome, is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene, and a leading inherited cause of intellectual disability and autism.
Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency
FXPOI (Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency) is ovarian failure before age 40 in women carrying an FMR1 premutation of 55-200 CGG repeats; about 20% of carriers are affected, with irregular periods, infertility, and early menopause.
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome
FXTAS (fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder of FMR1 premutation carriers (55–200 CGG repeats), causing intention tremor, cerebellar ataxia, and cognitive decline after age 50, mainly in men.
Fragment analysis
Fragment analysis is a capillary electrophoresis method that separates fluorescently labeled DNA fragments by color and size against an internal standard, used in forensics and genotyping.
Fragment screening
Fragment screening is a drug discovery method that tests very small molecules for weak binding to target proteins, which are then grown into drug leads.