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Galit Alter
Galit Alter is an immunologist who developed Systems Serology, a method for profiling antibody function, and later joined Moderna as Vice President of Immunology Research.
Galit Lahav
Galit Lahav is a systems biologist who is Novartis Professor and Chair of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School, known for discovering that p53 pulses in single living cells.
Galium
Galium (bedstraws, cleavers) is a cosmopolitan genus of about 500-670 species of Rubiaceae herbs with whorled leaves, four-angled stems, small four-merous flowers, and two-lobed fruits; type species G. aparine.
Galium aparine
Galium aparine, cleavers or catchweed bedstraw (stickywilly), is a hooked-hair annual climbing herb of Rubiaceae, a widespread temperate weed of crops and gardens with bur-like fruits, edible and folk-medicinal uses, and invasive status in Argentina.
Galium mollugo
Galium mollugo (smooth bedstraw, hedge bedstraw, false baby's breath), a perennial Rubiaceae herb native to Europe to Siberia and North Africa, invasive in North American hayfields and pastures, regulated as a Canadian Secondary Noxious weed seed.
Galium odoratum
Galium odoratum (sweet woodruff, Waldmeister), a Rubiaceae perennial of temperate Eurasia, is a shade ground cover with whorled leaves and coumarin-scented dried foliage used to flavor German May wine.
Galium verum
Galium verum (lady's bedstraw), perennial Rubiaceae herb of temperate Eurasia and NW Africa; type species of Galium, golden-yellow flowers, whorled leaves, traditional dye, milk-coagulation, and diuretic uses.
Galiximab
Galiximab (IDEC-114), a discontinued primatized anti-CD80 (B7-1) IgG1 lambda monoclonal antibody with macaque variable regions, was trialed in follicular and Hodgkin lymphoma, alone and with rituximab.
Gall
Gall: an abnormal plant growth induced by another organism, most often insects or mites via feeding or egg-laying chemicals; also bacteria, fungi, nematodes, viruses. Provides shelter and nutrition to the inducer; usually harmless to plant health.
Gall adelgid
Gall adelgids, spruce-gall-forming Adelgidae such as Adelges abietis and A. cooleyi, are 65-species aphid relatives with cyclical parthenogenesis, spruce-to-conifer host alternation, and species-specific pineapple or strawberry galls.
Gall wasp
Gall wasp (Cynipidae), also called cynipid wasp, a family of about 1,400 hymenopteran species whose larvae induce species-specific plant galls, chiefly on oaks and roses, with alternating parthenogenetic generations and inquiline and parasitoid communities.
Gallamine
Gallamine, marketed as the triethiodide salt Flaxedil, is a synthetic non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent introduced in 1946 to relax skeletal muscle during general anesthesia, withdrawn after causing pronounced tachycardia.
Gallbladder
Gallbladder: pear-shaped bile-storage organ under the liver, 7-10 cm, holding 30-50 mL bile released via CCK. Gallstones affect 10-15% of Americans; removal (cholecystectomy) is common and survivable.
Gallbladder neuroendocrine tumor
Gallbladder neuroendocrine tumor (GB-NEN, gallbladder NET/NEC): a rare neuroendocrine cancer, about 0.5% of NENs and 2.1% of gallbladder tumors, diagnosed by CgA/synaptophysin immunohistochemistry, usually advanced at presentation.
Gallic rooster
Gallic rooster (coq gaulois), France's unofficial national emblem from the Latin pun gallus = rooster/Gaul; on Gallic coins, revived in the Renaissance, Revolution, Third Republic, and French sport.
Galliformes
Galliformes (landfowl, gallinaceous or game birds): an order of heavy-bodied, largely terrestrial birds including pheasants, turkeys, grouse, quail, and chickens; about 250-290 species in five families, sister to Anseriformes within Galloanserae, with Cretaceous origins.
Gallimimus
Gallimimus bullatus, the chicken mimic, is a large ornithomimid (ostrich) dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia, named in 1972; about 6 m long, omnivorous, running 47-55 km/h, likely feathered.
Gallinula
Gallinula (moorhens), Brisson 1760, a genus of Rallidae rails in Gruiformes; includes Eurasian Moorhen G. chloropus and Common Gallinule G. galeata; traditionally polyphyletic, revised by Sangster et al.
Gallium citrate
Gallium citrate (Ga-67, Ga-68 citrate) is a radiopharmaceutical iron analogue for imaging infection, inflammation, and tumors; Ga-67 SPECT imaging at 48-72 hours, Ga-68 PET with 68-minute half-life.
Gallium Ga-68 gozetotide kit (Illuccix)
Illuccix (TLX591-CDx), Telix Pharmaceuticals' kit for preparing gallium Ga-68 gozetotide (PSMA-11) injection, a PSMA-targeted PET radiopharmaceutical for prostate cancer imaging; TGA-approved November 2021, FDA-approved December 2021, three-vial kit in two configurations.
Gallium-68 DOTATATE PET-CT
Gallium-68 DOTATATE PET-CT, also known as 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT, is a nuclear medicine scan using a gallium-labeled somatostatin analog to image neuroendocrine tumors, FDA approved in 2016.
Gallotia
Gallotia, Canary Islands endemic lacertid lizard genus, sister to Psammodromus; seven extant species from small G. atlantica to giant G. stehlini (to 46 cm), with Critically Endangered giants and extinct G. goliath.
Galloway cattle
Galloway cattle, a polled beef breed from south-west Scotland, known for a double hair coat; Galloway Cattle Society 1877, exports 1853/1882/1951, removed from DEFRA at-risk register 2023.
Galloway-Mowat syndrome
Galloway-Mowat syndrome, also known as GAMOS, is a rare genetic multisystem disorder marked by progressive microcephaly, developmental delay, brain atrophy, and often early-onset steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.
Gallstone
Gallstone (cholelithiasis): hardened cholesterol or bilirubin sediment forming in the gallbladder; up to 9 in 10 are cholesterol stones, 10–20% of adults affected, treated mainly by laparoscopic cholecystectomy, with ERCP for bile duct stones.
GalNAc conjugate delivery
GalNAc conjugate delivery is a drug-delivery strategy that attaches N-acetylgalactosamine sugar to siRNA or antisense oligonucleotides, letting hepatocytes take them up via the ASGPR receptor.
GalNAc-siRNA conjugate
A GalNAc-siRNA conjugate is a small interfering RNA linked to a GalNAc sugar cluster that delivers gene silencing to liver hepatocytes, first approved as givosiran in 2019.
GalNAc-siRNA conjugate delivery
GalNAc-siRNA conjugate delivery is a technology linking small interfering RNA to GalNAc, a sugar whose hepatocyte receptor concentrates it in the liver, the standard for liver-targeted RNAi therapeutics since givosiran's 2019 approval.
GALNS
GALNS, galactosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfatase gene at 16q24.3, encodes a lysosomal enzyme degrading keratan and chondroitin-6-sulfate; biallelic variants cause MPS IVA, Morquio A syndrome, with 446 known variants.
Galsulfase
Galsulfase (Naglazyme) is a recombinant human arylsulfatase B enzyme replacement therapy, given 1 mg/kg weekly intravenously, for mucopolysaccharidosis VI (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome); FDA approved 2005, EMA 2006.