Life and health

Generalized nodal osteoarthritis

Generalized nodal osteoarthritis, also known as primary generalized osteoarthritis, is a form of osteoarthritis affecting the finger joints of both hands, producing Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes, mostly in women around menopause.

Generalized peeling skin syndrome

Generalized peeling skin syndrome (generalized deciduous skin, ORPHA263543) is a rare autosomal recessive ichthyosis with painless body-wide skin peeling, subtypes A (CHST8, SERPINB8, FLG2) and B (CDSN, with atopy).

Generalized pustular psoriasis

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), also called von Zumbusch psoriasis, is a rare life-threatening neutrophilic skin disease with widespread sterile pustules and systemic symptoms, driven by IL-36 signaling and treated with spesolimab.

Generalized tonic–clonic seizure

Generalised tonic-clonic seizure (ICD-11 8A68.4), formerly grand mal: a generalized-onset seizure with tonic stiffening then clonic jerking and loss of awareness, distinct from focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures.

Generation mean analysis

Generation mean analysis is a quantitative genetics method that estimates additive, dominance, and epistatic gene effects from the means of generations derived from a cross of two inbred lines.

Generic drug

Generic drug: a copy of a brand-name medicine with the same active ingredient, strength, dosage form, and route, approved via ANDA (Hatch-Waxman, 1984) on bioequivalence evidence; about 90% of US prescriptions, saving $2.2 trillion 2009-2019.

Genes & development

Genes & Development (Genes Dev) is a semimonthly peer-reviewed journal founded in 1987 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press with the Genetics Society, covering molecular biology, gene expression, and developmental biology.

Genet (animal)

Genetta (genets), genus G. Cuvier 1816, family Viverridae; 17 species of nocturnal, solitary, spotted African carnivores, the most speciose carnivoran genus in Africa; common genet G. genetta also lives in Europe.

Genetic ablation

Genetic ablation is a bench biology method that selectively kills defined cell populations in a living organism by expressing a cytotoxic or death-inducing transgene in those cells.

Genetic and molecular prognostic markers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Genetic and molecular prognostic markers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia are chromosomal deletions and IGHV mutation status that predict how quickly the disease progresses and responds to therapy.

Genetic association analysis

Genetic association analysis is a family of statistical methods testing whether genetic variants are associated with traits or diseases in populations, dominated since 2005 by the genome-wide association study (GWAS).

Genetic association study

A genetic association study tests whether genetic variants are statistically associated with a trait or disease, typically by comparing allele frequencies between cases and controls.

Genetic Background

Genetic background (MeSH D000068617, G05.346) is the whole genome context interacting with a gene of interest; modifier genes and epistasis make mutation effects strain-dependent in mice and humans.

Genetic carrier screening

Genetic carrier screening tests asymptomatic people for one copy of a gene variant linked to recessive or X-linked disorders, so reproductive risk can be assessed before or during pregnancy.

Genetic code

Genetic code: the 64-codon mRNA-to-protein translation rules, deciphered by Nirenberg, Khorana, and Holley (1968 Nobel). Nearly universal yet with 50+ natural variants and synthetic recoded organisms like Ochre.

Genetic contributions to female infertility

Genetic contributions to female infertility are the chromosomal abnormalities and gene variants that impair a woman's ability to conceive, accounting for roughly 5–10% of female reproductive disorders overall.

Genetic counseling

Genetic counseling is a healthcare process in which a trained genetic counselor helps people understand genetic contributions to disease, through risk assessment, education, and support.

Genetic cross

A genetic cross is a controlled mating between two organisms set up so trait inheritance can be followed in offspring, revealing genotype, linkage, and gene position.

Genetic disorder

Genetic disorder: health condition caused by gene, chromosome, or multifactorial genetic abnormalities; inherited or somatic variants; diagnosed by exam, family history, and genetic testing; managed with counseling, screening, and emerging gene therapy.

Genetic diversity

Genetic diversity, also called intraspecific or genomic diversity, is variation in DNA sequences and traits within species. Key facts: CBD's 1992 three-part biodiversity definition, KMGBF 2022 commitments, Ne>500 threshold, 6% documented century-scale loss.

Genetic drift

Genetic drift: random fluctuation of allele frequencies in a population due to chance sampling, one of the four mechanisms of evolution. Strongest in small populations; magnified by bottleneck and founder effects; measured by effective population size; drives drift load and conservation concerns.

Oct 22, 2026

Genetic encoding of phosphoserine

Genetic encoding of phosphoserine is the insertion of the phosphorylated amino acid phosphoserine into a protein during ribosomal translation, first demonstrated in E. coli in 2011.

Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering: deliberate laboratory modification of an organism's DNA via recombinant DNA, viral vectors, and CRISPR-Cas9 editing. Covers mechanisms, editing efficiencies, Casgevy approval, GM crops, regulation, and ethics.

Genetic epidemiology

Genetic epidemiology, also called statistical genetics in its methods branch, studies inherited causes and distribution of disease in families and populations, using segregation, linkage, GWAS, and heritability estimation, with its dedicated journal founded 1984 and IGES in 1992.

Genetic epilepsy with febrile seizure plus

Genetic epilepsy with febrile seizure plus (GEFS+), formerly generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, is an autosomal dominant familial epilepsy spectrum ranging from febrile seizures to Dravet syndrome, most often linked to SCN1A variants.

Genetic Heterogeneity

Genetic heterogeneity (allelic and locus heterogeneity): the same or similar disease phenotype caused by different genes or different alleles, e.g. BRCA1/BRCA2 breast cancer, CFTR cystic fibrosis, retinitis pigmentosa.

Genetic history of Europe

Genetic history of Europe: how ancient DNA shows present-day Europeans descend from Paleolithic hunter-gatherers, Anatolian Neolithic farmers, and Bronze Age Yamnaya steppe herders, plus Neanderthal admixture and medieval migrations.

Genetic history of Italy

Genetic history of Italy: how Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, Anatolian Neolithic farmers, Steppe herders, and Eastern Mediterranean migrations shaped Europe's most structured national gene pool, from Sardinian isolation to Imperial Rome's eastern shift.

Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula

Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula: ancient-DNA record of Spain and Portugal over 8,000 years, covering glacial refuge, Neolithic farmers, Steppe ancestry, Basque isolation, Roman and North African gene flow, and the Morisco expulsion.