72,234 articles
Gizzard
Gizzard: the muscular second stomach chamber of birds, working with swallowed grit and the koilin lining to grind food in place of teeth; also evolved independently in crocodilians and some fishes, and diet-tuned in poultry.
GJA1
GJA1 (connexin 43, Cx43) is a human chromosome 6 gene encoding the major cardiac gap junction protein; mutations cause oculodentodigital dysplasia, craniometaphyseal dysplasia, EKVP3, and heart malformations.
GJB1
GJB1 (connexin 32, Cx32) is an Xq13.1 gene encoding a gap junction protein of Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes; its 400-plus mutations cause CMT1X, the second most common Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy.
GJB2
GJB2 (gap junction protein beta 2, connexin 26, DFNB1/DFNA3) is a chromosome 13 gene whose biallelic variants are the leading cause of autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss; common variants include c.35delG, c.235delC, M34T, and V37I.
GJB3
GJB3 (connexin 31, CX31) is a human connexin gene at 1p34.3 encoding gap junction protein beta 3. Mutations cause erythrokeratodermia variabilis (ClinGen Definitive) and disputed nonsyndromic hearing loss 2B.
GJB6
GJB6 (connexin 30, gap junction protein beta 6), gene on chromosome 13q12; mutations cause Clouston syndrome (hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia 2, nail dystrophy, alopecia, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis); deletions implicated in DFNB1 hearing loss.
GKM-001
GKM-001 is a liver-selective glucokinase activator for type 2 diabetes, discovered by Advinus Therapeutics (India) and later held by Impetis Biosciences; it lowers glucose without raising insulin or causing hypoglycemia.
Glacial lakes - Czechia
A long-term ecological research site covering eight glacial lakes of the Bohemian Forest, five in Czechia and three in Germany, monitored since 1871 for acidification and recovery.
Gladiolus
Gladiolus (sword lily) is a genus of about 296 cormous Iridaceae species native from Europe to Iran and Africa, centred in southern Africa; summer-flowering hybrids are major cut-flower crops, with corm rots and gladiolus thrips the main problems.
Gladiolus 'Priscilla'
Gladiolus 'Priscilla' is a Dutch-bred large-flowered gladiolus cultivar (K & K Gootjes, NL rights 1994) with pink-edged, yellow-centered florets, widely grown as a cut flower and garden plant and a frequent benchmark in cultivar trials.
Gladys Asmah
Gladys Asmah (1939–2014), Ghanaian NPP politician, MP for Takoradi 1997–2009, founding Minister of Women and Children's Affairs and first female Minister of Fisheries (2005–2009), pioneer of commercial aquaculture and women's micro-credit.
Gladys Dick
Gladys Dick, born Gladys Rowena Henry Dick, was an American microbiologist who proved scarlet fever is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and helped devise the Dick skin test.
Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka, Uganda's first wildlife veterinarian (UWA, 1996) and founder of Conservation Through Public Health (2003), pioneered One Health gorilla conservation at Bwindi, earning the 2021 UNEP Champions of the Earth award.
Gladys McGarey
Gladys McGarey, born Gladys Louise McGarey, was an American physician and "Mother of Holistic Medicine" who co-founded the American Holistic Medical Association in 1978 and wrote a bestselling memoir at 102.
Glafenine
Glafenine (glaphenine, Exidol), an anthranilic acid derivative NSAID analgesic, ATC N02BG03, marketed from 1965 and withdrawn in most countries by 1992 for anaphylaxis and hepatotoxicity.
Glanbia
Glanbia (Glanbia plc) is an Irish global nutrition company formed from the 1997 Avonmore-Waterford merger and renamed in 1999. It runs Performance Nutrition (Optimum Nutrition), Health & Nutrition, and Dairy Nutrition, with FY2025 revenue of $3.9 billion; Tirlán is its largest shareholder.
Gland
Gland: organized cell aggregation secreting hormones, sweat, saliva, milk, or mucus. Exocrine glands use ducts; endocrine glands release into blood. Covers merocrine/apocrine/holocrine secretion, major glands, disorders, and organoid research.
Glanders
Glanders, caused by Burkholderia mallei (formerly Pseudomonas mallei), is a life-threatening, reportable bacterial disease of horses, donkeys, and mules transmissible to humans; no vaccine exists, and it is eradicated in North America, Australia, and Europe but persists in parts of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and South America.
Glans penis
Glans penis: the conical, bulbous head of the penis, the distal expansion of the corpus spongiosum bearing the external urethral meatus; richly innervated by the dorsal nerve of the penis (S2–S4), supplied by the dorsal and bulb arteries, and central to sexual sensation.
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT), a rare autosomal recessive platelet disorder from ITGA2B/ITGB3 mutations, lacks the αIIbβ3 fibrinogen receptor, causing mucocutaneous bleeding treated with antifibrinolytics, rFVIIa, and platelets.
Glareola
Glareola (typical pratincoles) is a genus of seven swallow-like waders in Glareolidae, Charadriiformes, including the Collared, Oriental, Black-winged, Small, Rock, Grey, and Madagascar Pratincoles, differing from Stiltia.
Glareolidae
Glareolidae, the coursers and pratincoles, is a Charadriiformes bird family of 4 genera and 17 species across Africa, Asia and Australia, with slender bodies, long wings, aerial insect feeding, and mostly Least Concern IUCN status.
Glasdegib
Glasdegib (Daurismo), a Pfizer Hedgehog pathway Smoothened inhibitor approved 2018 (FDA) and 2020 (EU) with low-dose cytarabine for newly diagnosed AML in unfit adults; phase 3 BRIGHT AML 1019 later failed to confirm benefit.
Glasgow Blatchford score
The Glasgow Blatchford score (GBS) is a clinical scoring system that predicts which patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding need transfusion, endoscopy, or surgery, and identifies low-risk patients suitable for outpatient management.
Glasgow Coma Scale
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), by Teasdale and Jennett (Lancet 1974): rates eye, verbal, and motor responses; sum score 3–15; severity bands mild 13–15, moderate 9–12, severe <8; standard consciousness assessment in head injury.
Glasgow Outcome Scale
The Glasgow Outcome Scale is a five-category clinical scale rating recovery after brain injury, from death through disability to good recovery, widely used in trials.
Glasgow prognostic score
The Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) is a clinical scoring system combining C-reactive protein and albumin to grade systemic inflammation and predict survival in cancer and other diseases.
Glass delusion
Glass delusion, also called glass disease, a psychiatric condition of 15th–17th century Europe in which sufferers believed their bodies were made of glass and would shatter; famous case King Charles VI of France; now rare.
Glass frog
Glass frog (family Centrolenidae), Neotropical tree frog with transparent ventral skin; hides ~89% of red blood cells in its liver while resting to become transparent; lays eggs on leaves over streams; ~150-163 species, mostly Andean.
Glass Gem Corn
Glass Gem corn: modern open-pollinated flint/popcorn maize bred by Carl Barnes in Oklahoma from Pawnee and Osage corns; named by Greg Schoen, spread via Native Seeds/SEARCH, famous for translucent rainbow kernels after a 2012 viral photo.