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Glutazumab (格鲁塔珠单抗)
Glutazumab (格鲁塔珠单抗, GMA102/GMA105) is Gmax Biopharm's long-acting GLP-1/anti-GLP-1R antibody fusion protein agonist, in phase III in China for type 2 diabetes and in earlier trials for obesity.
Gluteal muscles
The gluteal muscles, or glutei, are a group of four muscles in the buttock that act on the hip joint to extend, abduct, and stabilize the thigh.
Glutelin
Glutelin, or glutelin-type storage protein, is the dilute acid/alkali-soluble seed storage protein class of the Osborne classification; in rice it is the major protein (60-80%), encoded by 15 GluA-GluD genes, processed from a 57 kDa precursor into acidic and basic subunits.
Gluten
Gluten: wheat storage proteins, gliadin and glutenin, forming the viscoelastic dough network; also hordeins and secalins of barley and rye; 70–80% of wheat grain protein; triggers celiac disease; gluten-free labeled at 20 ppm or less.
Gluten-free diet
Gluten-free diet: exclusion of gluten proteins from wheat, rye, barley, and crossbreeds. Essential lifelong treatment for celiac disease (about 1% of people) and wheat allergy; FDA limits gluten-free labels to under 20 ppm gluten; no proven benefit for the general population.
GLUTEN-GEN study
GLUTEN-GEN (NL-OMON53370) is a Dutch LUMC/ZonMw health services study adding finger-prick HLA-DQ2/8 typing from dried blood spots to celiac case finding at Youth Health Care Centres in Kennemerland, following GLUTENSCREEN; enrollment 508, recruitment stopped.
Gluten-related disorders
Gluten-related disorders: celiac disease, non-celiac gluten (wheat) sensitivity, and wheat allergy, conditions triggered by gluten in wheat, rye, and barley; celiac disease affects about 1% of people and requires a lifelong gluten-free diet.
Glutethimide
Glutethimide (Doriden, 2-ethyl-2-phenylglutarimide) is a discontinued 1954 piperidinedione sedative-hypnotic once marketed as a safer barbiturate alternative; withdrawn for barbiturate-like addiction, toxic overdose via metabolite 4-HG, and codeine misuse; now US Schedule II.
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus maximus: the largest gluteal muscle, a quadrangular hip extensor innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2). About 60% larger in humans than apes; central to bipedal running and sitting control.
Glutinous rice
Glutinous rice (waxy or sticky rice, 糯稻) is Oryza sativa with nearly all-amylopectin starch from a wx allele mutation that arose once in Southeast Asia; it is the staple of Laos and northern and northeastern Thailand.
Glycan metabolic labeling
Glycan metabolic labeling, also known as metabolic glycoengineering, is a chemical biology technique in which cells feed on synthetic monosaccharide analogs that install bioorthogonal reporters onto glycans.
Glycated hemoglobin
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c, glycohemoglobin) is hemoglobin with glucose bound to the β-chain N-terminal valine, reflecting average blood glucose over 8–12 weeks; used to diagnose diabetes (≥6.5%) and set treatment goals (<7%), reported in NGSP % and IFCC mmol/mol units.
Glycemic Control
Glycemic control, management of blood glucose in diabetes toward individualized targets, assessed by A1C and CGM metrics such as time in range (>70%), time below range (<4%), and A1C below 7% for many nonpregnant adults.
Glycemic index
Glycemic index (GI): 1–100 ranking of carbohydrate foods by blood glucose response to 50 g available carbohydrate versus glucose, introduced by Jenkins 1981, standardized in ISO 26642:2010; low ≤55, high ≥70; GL = GI × carbohydrate/100.
Glycera (annelid)
Glycera Lamarck, 1818, bloodworms or glycerine worms, a genus of marine polychaete annelids in Glyceridae with four cross-arranged jaws on an eversible venomous proboscis; predatory burrowers in muddy sediments, sold as bait, with jaw biomaterials studied for copper-melanin abrasion resistance.
Glycera dibranchiata
Glycera dibranchiata, the American bloodworm, is a venomous marine polychaete (Glyceridae) up to 14 inches long with copper-hardened jaws, harvested as bait, native from Gulf of St. Lawrence to Florida and introduced to Spain.
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP, G3P, 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde), a three-carbon sugar phosphate (C3H7O6P) central to glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the Calvin cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway; oxidized by GAPDH to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 3
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 3 (GAPDH 3, TDH3/GPD3/YGR192C) is one of three 332-amino-acid Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAPDH isoenzymes catalyzing G3P to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate with NAD+ in glycolysis.
Glycerate kinase
Glycerate kinase (EC 2.7.1.31, GLYK/GLYCTK) is a kinase phosphorylating D-glycerate with ATP to 3-phosphoglycerate in plants (photorespiration) or 2-phosphoglycerate in bacteria and animals; three unrelated protein classes exist.
Glycerol 3-phosphate
Glycerol 3-phosphate is a phosphorylated metabolite formed from dihydroxyacetone phosphate or glycerol that starts glycerolipid synthesis and shuttles reducing equivalents into mitochondria via the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle.
Glycerol dehydrogenase
Glycerol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.6, GldA/DhaD) is a zinc-dependent, NAD+-dependent oxidoreductase converting glycerol to dihydroxyacetone; distinct from glycerol dehydratase, it initiates oxidative glycerol metabolism and serves DHA production, cofactor regeneration, and triglyceride assays.
Glycerol kinase
Glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30, GK gene, Xp21.3) is an enzyme phosphorylating glycerol to glycerol 3-phosphate using ATP and magnesium; its X-linked deficiency causes hyperglycerolemia, glyceroluria, and pseudohypertriglyceridemia.
Glycerol phenylbutyrate
Glycerol phenylbutyrate (Ravicti, HPN-100) is a triglyceride prodrug nitrogen-binding agent for chronic management of urea cycle disorders; FDA approved 2013, EU 2015, noninferior to sodium phenylbutyrate.
Glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase
Glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (GPAT, EC 2.3.1.15) catalyzes the first, rate-limiting step of triacylglycerol and glycerophospholipid synthesis, making lysophosphatidic acid from glycerol-3-phosphate and acyl-CoA; mammals have four isoforms, GPAT1-2 mitochondrial and GPAT3-4 ER.
Glycerol-3-phosphate transporter
Glycerol-3-phosphate transporter (GlpT, glpT gene, UniProt P08194): E. coli inner-membrane MFS antiporter importing glycerol-3-phosphate in exchange for inorganic phosphate; 452 amino acids, 12-helix rocker-switch structure (PDB 1PW4), also imports fosfomycin, and glpT mutations cause fosfomycin resistance.
Glycerophospholipid cholesterol acyltransferase
Glycerophospholipid cholesterol acyltransferase (GCAT, EC 2.3.1.43) is a bacterial Aeromonas enzyme, an LCAT analogue, that transfers acyl groups from phospholipids to cholesterol; a Bacillus licheniformis-produced variant is a GRAS food processing aid (GRN 265, FoodPro LysoMaxa Oil) used for emulsification in egg yolk, meat, dairy, and oil degumming.
Glycine cleavage system
The glycine cleavage system, or glycine decarboxylase complex, is a mitochondrial enzyme system that breaks down glycine into carbon dioxide, ammonia, and one-carbon units, and defects in it cause nonketotic hyperglycinemia.
Glycine encephalopathy
Glycine encephalopathy, or nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH), is an autosomal recessive inborn error of glycine metabolism caused by glycine cleavage system defects (GLDC, AMT), causing neonatal lethargy, hypotonia, apnea, and seizures; treated with sodium benzoate and supportive care.
Glycine reductase complex selenoprotein A
Glycine reductase complex selenoprotein A (glycine reductase A, GRDA) is the selenocysteine-containing component A of the clostridial glycine reductase complex from Clostridium sticklandii, the first protein shown to contain selenium as selenocysteine, encoded by UGA.
Glycine rich protein
Glycine-rich proteins (GRPs), also called glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins (GR-RBPs) in class IV, are plant proteins with 20–70% glycine in (Gly)n-X repeats, classified into five classes, acting in cell wall structure, RNA processing, and cold, salt, and pathogen stress responses.