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Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis is the cytosolic breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose 1-phosphate and free glucose by glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzyme, discovered by the Coris; it supplies 50-65% of basal hepatic glucose output and its enzyme defects cause glycogen storage diseases.
Glycolipid
A glycolipid is a lipid molecule with one or more carbohydrate residues covalently attached; in animals, glycosphingolipids with sugar chains linked to ceramide predominate in cell membranes.
Glycolipid galactosyltransferases
Glycolipid galactosyltransferases are membrane-bound enzymes that transfer galactose from UDP-galactose onto lipid acceptors, chiefly ceramide-derived sphingolipids, building galactosylceramide, lactosylceramide, and gangliosides; UGT8 makes myelin's galactosylceramide.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis, or the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, is the ten-step cytosolic breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, yielding net 2 ATP and 2 NADH; it powers anaerobic cells like erythrocytes and feeds aerobic respiration.
Glycophorin
Glycophorins (GPA, GPB, GPC, GPD, GPE) are sialoglycoproteins of the human red cell membrane carrying MNS and Gerbich blood group antigens and serving as Plasmodium falciparum receptors.
Glycophorin-C
Glycophorin C (GPC, CD236R), encoded by GYPC, is a minor erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein carrying Gerbich blood group antigens, anchoring the membrane skeleton via 4.1R, and serving as the P. falciparum EBA-140 invasion receptor.
Glycoprotein
Glycoproteins are proteins bearing covalently attached carbohydrate chains (glycans), added as N-linked (asparagine, sequon N-X-S/T) or O-linked (serine/threonine) glycosylation, the most abundant protein modification; about 50% of human proteins are glycosylated, with glycoform heterogeneity central to function and therapeutics.
Glycoprotein hormones
Glycoprotein hormones: FSH, LH, TSH, and hCG, dimeric cystine-knot glycoproteins sharing a 92-aa alpha subunit (CGA) with hormone-specific beta subunits that confer specificity; vertebrate pituitary and placental hormones acting through LRR GPCRs.
Glycopyrronium bromide
Glycopyrronium bromide (glycopyrrolate, Robinul, Seebri, Sialanar, Qbrexza) is a quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic drug approved since 1961, used for peptic ulcer, secretions, drooling, COPD, and hyperhidrosis.
Glycosaminoglycan
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs, mucopolysaccharides): negatively charged repeating-disaccharide polysaccharides of every mammalian tissue; classes include hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate/heparin, and keratan sulfate; form proteoglycans and regulate signaling, anticoagulation, and matrix biology.
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism: biosynthesis, sulfation, and lysosomal degradation of glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronan, heparan sulfate, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate); Reactome R-HSA-1630316, 136 genes; enzyme defects cause mucopolysaccharidoses.
Glycoside
Glycoside: a molecule with a sugar (glycone) bonded via its anomeric carbon to an aglycone through a glycosidic bond; O-, S-, Se-, N-, and C-linked types, glycosyltransferase biosynthesis, and medicinal examples like digitoxin and vancomycin.
Glycoside hydrolase family 10
Glycoside hydrolase family 10 (GH10, formerly cellulase family F): CAZy enzyme family of retaining TIM-barrel endo-1,4-beta-xylanases with broad, decoration-tolerant substrate specificity, used in biomass bioconversion, distinct from the beta-jellyroll GH11 family.
Glycoside hydrolase family 36
Glycoside hydrolase family 36 (GH36), clan GH-D: retaining α-galactosidases and α-N-acetylgalactosaminidases with two catalytic aspartates, TIM-barrel fold, found in archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes.
Glycoside hydrolase, family 19
Glycoside hydrolase family 19 (GH19): bifunctional enzyme family of inverting chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) and endolysins with a lysozyme-like fold and two catalytic glutamates; found mainly in plants, also bacteria and viruses; used for antifungal biocontrol.
Glycoside hydrolase, family 77
Glycoside hydrolase family 77 (GH77), amylomaltase or 4-α-glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.25), D-enzyme in plants: a monospecific CAZy clan GH-H family of retaining transglycosylases that rearrange α-1,4-glucans and make large cyclic glucans.
Glycosphingolipid metabolism
Glycosphingolipid metabolism, Reactome pathway R-HSA-1660662, covers synthesis and degradation of glycosphingolipids, sphingolipids with sugars attached, including gangliosides, in ER, Golgi, and lysosomes; enzyme defects cause sphingolipidoses such as Gaucher's disease.
Glycosuria
Glycosuria (glucosuria) is glucose in the urine, from hyperglycemia or impaired renal tubular reabsorption. Renal threshold ~130 mg/dl in diabetics; hereditary SLC5A2/SGLT2 form is benign; SGLT2 inhibitors induce it therapeutically.
Glycosyl hydrolase family 13, catalytic domain
Glycosyl hydrolase family 13 catalytic domain (GH13, alpha-amylase family): a retaining (beta/alpha)8-barrel TIM barrel with a beta4-Asp, beta5-Glu, beta7-Asp catalytic triad, 4-7 conserved sequence regions, clan GH-H with GH70 and GH77.
Glycosyl-4,4'-diaponeurosporenoate acyltransferase
Glycosyl-4,4'-diaponeurosporenoate acyltransferase, also called CrtO (EC 2.3.1.B26), is the Staphylococcus aureus enzyme catalyzing the final acylation step of staphyloxanthin biosynthesis, esterifying glucose at C6'' with 12-methyltetradecanoic acid.
Glycosylation
Glycosylation is the enzymatic attachment of sugar chains to proteins and lipids, the most common modification of human proteins, affecting folding, immune recognition, and drug safety.
Glycosyltransferase Maf, N-terminal
Glycosyltransferase Maf, N-terminal (Maf_flag10_N, CDD cl46809) is the bacterial N-terminal Rossmann-like domain of Maf flagellin glycosyltransferases, distinct from Maf transcription factors; function unclear, weak methyltransferase similarity.
Glycosyltransferase, ALG3
ALG3 (asparagine-linked glycosylation 3) encodes an ER alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase, the first Dol-P-Man-dependent step extending lipid-linked Man5GlcNAc2 to Man6 in N-glycan synthesis; mutations cause ALG3-CDG (CDG-Id, OMIM 601110).
Glycyrrhetinic Acid
Glycyrrhetinic acid, also known as enoxolone or glycyrrhetic acid, is a pentacyclic triterpenoid obtained from licorice root that causes licorice's anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and hepatoprotective effects and serves as a scaffold for drug derivatives.
Glycyrrhiza
Glycyrrhiza (licorice) is a Fabaceae genus of perennial herbs, mainly G. glabra, G. uralensis, and G. inflata, whose sweet roots contain glycyrrhizin, a 11β-HSD2 inhibitor causing pseudohyperaldosteronism at high intakes.
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice, licorice, sweet root, gan cao) is a Fabaceae perennial herb native from the central Mediterranean to Mongolia and Pakistan, cultivated for rhizomes containing glycyrrhizin, 50 times sweeter than sugar, used in confectionery, medicine, and tobacco, with hypertension risk from excess intake.
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Glycyrrhiza uralensis (gan cao, Chinese licorice) is a perennial Fabaceae herb native from eastern European Russia to Siberia and Pakistan, whose dried root and rhizome are a core traditional Chinese medicine containing glycyrrhizin.
Glymphatic system
Glymphatic system: brain-wide perivascular CSF-ISF exchange network, described by Iliff et al. 2012, that clears amyloid-β and tau; sleep-enhanced, AQP4-dependent, measured by DTI-ALPS, and contested by diffusion and IPAD models.
Glyn Lewis
Glyn Hywel Lewis, born in 1956, is a psychiatric epidemiologist and professor at University College London known for the ANTLER trial of stopping long-term antidepressants and a 2007 Lancet review of cannabis and psychosis.
Glyoxalase I
GLO1 (glyoxalase I, GLYI) is a human chromosome 6p21.2 gene encoding the zinc-dependent, rate-limiting enzyme of the glyoxalase system, which detoxifies methylglyoxal to S-lactoylglutathione; dysregulation links to diabetes, cancer, and schizophrenia.