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Gnat
Gnat: ambiguous common name for small Nematocera flies, including fungus gnats, biting midges, eye gnats, and chironomids; some bite, some pollinate orchids, larvae aquatic or terrestrial.
Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia
Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia (GDD, OMIM 166260), also called gnathodiaphyseal sclerosis or Levin syndrome 2, is a rare autosomal dominant ANO5-related bone dysplasia with childhood fractures, long-bone bowing and diaphyseal sclerosis, and cementoosseous jaw lesions.
Gnathodus
Gnathodus (Pander, 1856) is an extinct conodont genus of the family Idiognathodontidae, an index fossil for Mississippian (Early Carboniferous) strata; nearly half of Mississippian conodont zones are defined by its species' first appearances, and it went extinct near the mid-Carboniferous boundary.
Gnathostomata
Gnathostomata (jaw-mouths): the clade of jawed vertebrates with true jaws from gill arches, paired pectoral and pelvic fins, over 99% of living vertebrate species, split into Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes, distinct from jawless cyclostomes.
Gnathostomiasis
Gnathostomiasis is a foodborne zoonotic disease caused by Gnathostoma nematode larvae (mainly G. spinigerum), acquired by eating raw freshwater fish, eels, frogs, or reptiles, causing migratory skin swellings, eosinophilia, and sometimes fatal neurologic disease.
GNB3
GNB3 (G protein subunit beta 3) is a human gene at 12p13.31 encoding the Gβ3 WD-repeat subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. Its common C825T polymorphism (rs5443) produces the truncated, signaling-enhancing splice variant Gβ3s and is associated with hypertension and obesity; biallelic mutations cause congenital stationary night blindness 1H.
GNE myopathy
GNE myopathy, also called Nonaka myopathy, DMRV, or HIBM, is a rare autosomal recessive distal myopathy from GNE gene mutations impairing sialic acid biosynthesis, causing adult-onset foot drop with quadriceps sparing; no approved therapy exists.
Gnetophyta
Gnetales: gymnosperm order with three living genera, Ephedra, Welwitschia, and Gnetum; once placed near angiosperms (anthophyte hypothesis), now resolved as sister to Pinaceae (Gnepine).
Gnetum
Gnetum is a genus of about 44 tropical gymnosperm species, mostly evergreen lianas with broad, net-veined leaves, found across tropical Asia, Africa, Fiji, and northern South America.
Gnetum africanum
Gnetum africanum (eru, okok, afang) is a dioecious gymnosperm liana of Central African forests, first described by Welwitsch in 1869, whose leaves are a major traded vegetable; IUCN Near Threatened, with growing domestication in Cameroon and Nigeria.
Gnetum gnemon
Gnetum gnemon (melinjo, belinjau, bago) is a dioecious gymnosperm tree of Gnetaceae native from Tibet and Assam to Fiji, cultivated in Southeast Asia for emping seed crackers, edible leaves, and inner-bark fibre; Least Concern globally.
GNHS study
Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (GNHS, NCT03179657): a community-based prospective cohort of 5,118 adults in Guangzhou, China, run by Sun Yat-sen University since 2008, studying nutrition and metabolic disease with multi-omics.
GNL3
GNL3 (G protein nucleolar 3), protein name nucleostemin, is a nucleolar GTP-binding YlqF/YawG-family protein expressed in stem and cancer cells; it protects the genome during replication stress, while its paralogue GNL3L handles ribosome synthesis.
GnRH antagonist protocol
The GnRH antagonist protocol is an IVF ovarian stimulation regimen in which cetrorelix or ganirelix blocks a premature LH surge, with lower OHSS risk than agonist protocols.
GNRHR
GNRHR (gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor, HGNC 4421) is the human gene at 4q13.2 encoding the type I GnRH receptor, a tailless class A GPCR on pituitary gonadotropes; its loss-of-function mutations cause hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 7.
GNX201 (ADC)
GNX201-ADC is GlycoNex's preclinical pro-antibody antibody-drug conjugate for solid tumors, using PrecisemAb AntibodyLock masking and a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen target, co-developed with Nippon Kayaku since March 2026.
Goal attainment scaling
Goal attainment scaling is a psychometric method introduced by Kiresuk and Sherman in 1968 that converts individualized patient treatment goals into graded levels and a standardized T-score.
Goal-directed fluid therapy
Goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) is a perioperative strategy in which intravenous fluids are given according to real-time hemodynamic measurements, aiming to optimize cardiac output and tissue oxygen delivery.
Goanna
Goanna is the Australian name for monitor lizards of genus Varanus; 69 living species, about 28 in Australia since Miocene arrival, from 25 cm pygmy monitors to the perentie, with cane toads and feral predators as key threats.
Goat
Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus), domestic ruminant descended from the bezoar goat, domesticated in the Near East around the 10th-11th millennium BP with multiple maternal lineages; kept worldwide for meat, milk, hides, and hair.
Goat meat
Goat meat (chevon, capretto/cabrito) is the meat of the domestic goat, first domesticated around 8000 BC in the Zagros region; lean red meat, Australia leads exports, main importers the USA and Gulf states.
Goat milk in infant formula
Goat milk in infant formula: goat milk as a protein and fat base for breast-milk substitutes, approved by EFSA (2012) and accepted by FDA via GRAS notices and 2022 enforcement discretion, with growth trials showing parity with cow milk formula.
Goatee
Goatee: a small, usually pointed beard grown only on the chin, also called circle beard or Van Dyke when connected to a mustache. Named for a goat's chin tuft (1842); revived by Jacob Elordi in 2025–2026.
Gobiidae
Gobiidae (gobies) is the most species-rich fish family, about 2,000 species in roughly 250 genera of the order Gobiiformes, found in marine, brackish, and fresh waters, with fused pelvic fins, tiny body sizes, shrimp symbioses, and heavy aquarium-trade use.
Gobiiformes
Gobiiformes (gobies, gobioids) is an order of small, mostly benthic ray-finned fishes with 2,740 living species in 12 families, including Gobiidae, the most species-rich fish family, plus cardinalfishes, sleepers, and mudskippers.
Goblet cell
Goblet cell is a unicellular glandular epithelial cell found in the linings of many organs, including the small intestine and respiratory tract, and is linked to hypersecretion in asthma and COPD.
Goblin shark
Goblin shark (Mitsukurina owstoni), sole living species of Mitsukurinidae; deep-sea lamniform shark to 3.9 m with slingshot jaws, ampullae-covered snout, first filmed alive in 2019/2024 Pacific sightings.
Goby–shrimp mutualism
The goby–shrimp mutualism is a partnership in which a pistol shrimp digs a burrow shared with a goby fish that warns it of predators by touch.
God helmet
God helmet, or Koren helmet, a device by Michael Persinger applying weak temporal-lobe magnetic fields to induce a sensed presence; double-blind and placebo studies attribute reported experiences to suggestibility, not the fields.
Godanti bhasma
Godanti bhasma, an Ayurvedic calcined gypsum (calcium sulfate) preparation from the Sudha varga, used traditionally as antipyretic and antiulcer medicine; rat studies show gastroprotective and fever-reducing effects at 250-500 µg/kg.