Life and health

Goldenhar syndrome

Goldenhar syndrome, or oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum, is a congenital first and second pharyngeal arch disorder causing hemifacial microsomia with ocular dermoids, ear anomalies, and vertebral defects; prevalence 1/3,500 to 1/45,000, mostly sporadic, right-sided, male predominance 3:2.

Goldenrod

Goldenrod (Solidago) is a genus of about 138 species of yellow-flowered perennial herbs in Asteraceae, mostly native to North America; blamed for hay fever but insect-pollinated, unlike ragweed.

Goldenseal

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis, yellow root) is a North American woodland perennial with a yellow rhizone harvested for berberine and hydrastine; no proven health benefits, drug interactions, CITES Appendix II, IUCN Vulnerable.

Goldfish

Goldfish (Carassius auratus), domesticated in ancient China from crucian carp, are a popular ornamental fish with over 300 varieties, long memory and spatial cognition, and invasive populations worldwide.

Goldmann-Favre syndrome

Goldmann-Favre syndrome, also called enhanced S-cone syndrome (ESCS, OMIM 268100), is a rare autosomal recessive vitreoretinal degeneration caused by NR2E3 mutations, with night blindness, nummular pigment clumping, retinoschisis, and pathognomonic ERG findings.

Goldwater rule

The Goldwater rule is Section 7.3 of the American Psychiatric Association's ethics code (1973), barring psychiatrists from offering professional opinions on public figures without a personal examination, after the 1964 Fact magazine poll of Barry Goldwater.

Golfer's elbow

Golfer's elbow, medically medial epicondylitis, is an overuse tendinopathy of the common flexor-pronator tendon at the inner elbow from repetitive wrist flexion and pronation; treated first with rest, exercise, and bracing, surgery rarely needed.

Golfo dell'Asinara - Italy

The Golfo dell'Asinara (Gulf of Asinara) is a large bay on the northwestern coast of Sardinia, Italy, bounded westward by Asinara Island and eastward by Capo Testa.

GOLGA2

GOLGA2, also known as GM130 or golgin A2, is a human protein-coding gene on chromosome 9 whose product organizes the Golgi ribbon and tethers transport vesicles.

Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus, also called the Golgi complex or Golgi body, is a stacked membrane-bound organelle that modifies, sorts, and routes proteins and lipids received from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Golgi tendon reflex

Golgi tendon reflex (inverse myotatic reflex, autogenic inhibition): spinal reflex where Golgi tendon organ Ib afferents disynaptically inhibit the contracting muscle's alpha motor neurons and excite antagonists; task-dependent, not just protective.

Golgi-associated PDZ and coiled-coil motif-containing protein

GOPC (PIST, FIG, CAL), Golgi-associated PDZ and coiled-coil motif-containing protein, is a 462-aa trans-Golgi scaffold on 6q22.1 that sorts cargo such as frizzled and CFTR; loss causes globozoospermia.

Golgi's method

Golgi's method (reazione nera), Camillo Golgi's 1873 silver impregnation technique, stains 1–5% of neurons fully black; basis of the neuron doctrine debate with Cajal and still used for single-neuron morphology.

Goliath birdeater

The Goliath birdeater, also known as the Goliath bird-eating spider, is a tarantula native to northern South America and the world's largest spider by mass, weighing up to 175 g.

Goliath frog

Goliath frog (Conraua goliath, formerly Rana goliath), the world's largest frog, from fast-flowing rivers of Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea; Endangered, 32 cm, 3.25 kg, hunted for food and builds dry-season riverbed nests.

Golidocitinib (DZD4205)

Golidocitinib (DZD4205) is an oral, highly selective JAK1 inhibitor developed by Dizal Pharmaceuticals, approved in China in 2024 for relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma.

Golimumab

Golimumab, marketed as Simponi and Simponi Aria, is a human monoclonal antibody that blocks TNFα, approved in 2009 to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and ulcerative colitis.

Gollop-Wolfgang complex

Gollop-Wolfgang complex, also called bifurcated femora-hand ectrodactyly complex, is a rare congenital limb malformation combining distal bifid femur and tibial hemimelia, with or without hand ectrodactyly, incidence about 1 in 1,000,000 live births.

GOLM1

GOLM1, also called GP73 or GOLPH2, is a 73 kDa type II transmembrane Golgi glycoprotein discovered in 2000, elevated in liver disease, a serum biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma, and a driver of EGFR recycling, metastasis, and lenvatinib resistance.

Golodirsen

Golodirsen (Vyondys 53), a 25-mer phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer by Sarepta, treats DMD amenable to exon 53 skipping; FDA accelerated approval December 12, 2019, 30 mg/kg weekly IV.

GOLPH3

GOLPH3 (GPP34, Vps74) is a conserved 34 kDa PI(4)P-binding Golgi protein regulating vesicle trafficking, glycosylation, and cytokinesis; amplified at 5p13 and overexpressed in many solid tumors as an oncoprotein linked to poor prognosis.

Golubyatnya

Голубятня (golubyatnya) is the Russian word for a dovecote or pigeon loft, a structure for keeping and breeding domestic pigeons, also a Moscow landmark dacha of Count Orlov and a colloquial term for a tiny top-floor flat.

Gombe Chimpanzee War

Gombe Chimpanzee War, or Four-Year War (1974–1978): lethal conflict between the Kasakela and Kahama chimpanzee communities in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, after a 1973 fission; Kasakela killed all six Kahama males and took their territory.

Gómez-López-Hernández syndrome

Gómez-López-Hernández syndrome (cerebellotrigeminal-dermal dysplasia, OMIM 601853) is an ultra-rare neurocutaneous disorder combining rhombencephalosynapsis, scalp alopecia, and often trigeminal anesthesia; about 57 cases reported, cause unknown.

Gomphaceae

Gomphaceae Donk (1961) is a family of basidiomycete fungi in the order Gomphales, uniting coral fungi (Ramaria), false truffles (Gautieria), and gomphoid genera such as Gomphus and Turbinellus, defined by cyanophilic spores and a ferric-sulfate-positive hymenium.

Gomphales

Gomphales is an order of basidiomycete fungi in Agaricomycetes, subclass Phallomycetidae, proposed by Jülich in 1981; includes coral fungi (Ramaria), fairy clubs, and false truffles, with ferric-positive hymenia, chiastic basidia, and Cretaceous-aged gomphoid lineages.