72,234 articles
Glyoxylate carboligase
Glyoxylate carboligase (EC 4.1.1.47, tartronate-semialdehyde synthase), E. coli gcl-encoded TPP and Mg2+ enzyme, homotetramer, condenses two glyoxylates into tartronate semialdehyde plus CO2 in glycolate degradation.
Glyoxylate cycle
Glyoxylate cycle (glyoxylate shunt): modified TCA cycle bypassing CO2-evolving steps, converting two acetyl-CoA to malate. Found in plants, bacteria, fungi; absent in vertebrates; key to seed oil-to-sugar conversion and M. tuberculosis persistence.
Glyphipterigidae
Glyphipterigidae (sedge moths), family Stainton 1854 of Yponomeutoidea moths; about 535 species, wingspans 4.5–30 mm, diurnal adults with metallic forewing markings, larvae boring in sedges, rushes, and grasses.
Glyphosate
Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine), sold as Roundup, is the world's most used broad-spectrum herbicide, inhibiting plant EPSPS; IARC calls it a probable carcinogen while EPA, EFSA, and ECHA disagree.
Glypican
Glypicans (GPC1-GPC6) are GPI-anchored heparan sulfate proteoglycans with a conserved ~63 kDa cysteine-rich core that modulate growth factor and morphogen signaling; GPC3 mutations cause Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome.
Glyptemys insculpta
Glyptemys insculpta, the wood turtle (tortue des bois), a sculptured-shell semiaquatic turtle of eastern North America; IUCN Endangered, Threatened in Canada, threatened by roads, agriculture, and collection.
Glyptocephalus cynoglossus
Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, witch flounder or grey sole, is a deep-water right-eyed flatfish of the North Atlantic (Labrador to North Carolina and Europe), slow-growing and long-lived, IUCN Vulnerable, with several stocks under moratorium or rebuilding.
Glyptodon
Glyptodon: extinct Pleistocene South American glyptodont, an armored relative of armadillos placed in Glyptodontinae within Chlamyphoridae by 2016 ancient DNA; up to 2 tons, bony carapace, tail club, extinct about 10,000 years ago.
Glyptograptus
Glyptograptus, an extinct biserial planktonic graptolite genus named by Lapworth in 1873, type species Diplograpsus tamariscus Nicholson 1868, ranging from Hirnantian to Telychian worldwide.
Glyptostrobus europaeus
Glyptostrobus europaeus (Taxodium europaeum Brongniart 1833) is a fossil swamp cypress of Neogene Europe, a form species matching extant Glyptostrobus pensilis, known from Miocene Alonnisos, Greece, and widespread European swamp forests.
Glyptostrobus pensilis
Glyptostrobus pensilis (水松, Chinese swamp cypress, Mai Hing Sam) is the sole living species of its genus, a semi-aquatic Cupressaceae conifer of southern China, Laos, and Vietnam, IUCN Critically Endangered with few hundred wild trees, pneumatophores, and a Cretaceous-to-Pleistocene fossil record.
GM00130
GM00130 (CVCL_7274, also GM17201) is an EBV-transformed human B-lymphocyte cell line from a 25-year-old Caucasian male, a Coriell NIGMS GeT-RM reference material carrying CFTR 4375-36delT and the CYP2C19*2 allele.
GM00637
GM00637 (GM637, CVCL_7297) is an SV40-transformed human skin fibroblast cell line from a healthy 18-year-old Puerto Rican female, ALT-positive, used as a normal-fibroblast control in DNA repair, toxicology, and plasma cytotoxicity studies.
GM01650
GM01650 (RRID:CVCL_7328) is a finite human skin fibroblast cell line from a 37-year-old Caucasian woman, held in Coriell's NIGMS Apparently Healthy Collection and used as an unaffected control in genetic disease studies.
GM1 gangliosidosis
GM1 gangliosidosis (beta-galactosidase-1 deficiency, Landing disease) is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by GLB1 variants, with infantile, late-infantile/juvenile, and adult types, and no approved disease-modifying therapy.
GM12878
GM12878 (NA12878) is an EBV-immortalized human lymphoblastoid B cell line from a female HapMap donor of European ancestry, a Coriell-distributed ENCODE Tier 1 line and Genome in a Bottle reference standard for sequencing calibration.
GM2 gangliosidosis, AB variant
GM2 gangliosidosis, AB variant (GM2 activator deficiency, OMIM 272750) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder: GM2A mutations disable the GM2 activator protein, so GM2 ganglioside accumulates despite normal hexosaminidase A and B, causing infantile Tay-Sachs-like neurodegeneration.
GM3 synthase deficiency
GM3 synthase deficiency, also called Amish infantile epilepsy syndrome, salt & pepper syndrome, or ST3GAL5-CDG, is an autosomal recessive congenital disorder of glycosylation causing infantile refractory epilepsy, developmental stagnation, deafness, and skin pigment changes.
GMCGC herbarium
GMCGC is the Index Herbariorum code for the Goshen College herbarium in Goshen, Indiana, registered with 6,589 specimens and known for the Gleason Moss Collection of about 10,000 moss species donated in the early 1990s.
GMEB1/2/Spe-44-like domain
GMEB1/2/Spe-44-like domain (IPR059099): a SAND-family DNA-binding domain in mammalian GMEB1/GMEB2 and C. elegans SPE-44, with a KDWK motif binding ACGT DNA and roles in spermatogenesis gene regulation.
Gmelina arborea
Gmelina arborea (gamhar, yemane, white teak), Lamiaceae tree native Pakistan to southern China and Indo-China; fast-growing tropical plantation timber comparable to spruce, also pulp, fuel, and Ayurvedic medicine; IUCN Least Concern.
GMP reductase
GMP reductase (GMPR, EC 1.7.1.7, guaC in E. coli) is a homotetrameric purine salvage enzyme that irreversibly converts GMP to IMP with NADPH via an ordered bi-bi mechanism, sharing the E-XMP intermediate with IMPDH.
GMPPB-related limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R19
GMPPB-related limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R19, also LGMD R19 or LGMD2T (OMIM 615352), is an autosomal recessive dystroglycanopathy from GMPPB mutations, causing proximal weakness, hypotonia, intellectual disability, and epilepsy, prevalence under 1 in 1,000,000.
GNAO1
GNAO1 (G protein subunit alpha o1), also G-ALPHA-o, is a 16q13 gene encoding the Gαo G-protein alpha subunit; dominant pathogenic variants cause DEE17 and NEDIM, rare epilepsy-movement disorder syndromes.
GNAO1-related developmental delay-seizures-movement disorder spectrum
GNAO1-related developmental delay-seizures-movement disorder spectrum is a rare inherited neurological condition caused by GNAO1 gene changes, causing developmental delay, seizures, and movement disorders such as dystonia.
Gnaphalium
Gnaphalium (cudweed) is a woolly herbaceous genus of daisies (Asteraceae, tribe Gnaphalieae) published by Linnaeus in 1753, with about 36 accepted species in the strict sense, a temperate and subtropical worldwide range, and documented medicinal and food uses.
Gnaphalium uliginosum
Gnaphalium uliginosum (marsh cudweed, low cudweed, 湿生鼠麴草) is a woolly annual Asteraceae herb of damp temperate Northern Hemisphere habitats; lectotype of Gnaphalium, used in Russian and Balkan traditional medicine.
Gnaphosidae
Gnaphosidae, the ground spiders or stealthy ground spiders, is a family of hunting spiders found worldwide with over 2,000 recognized species. They hunt at night on the ground without a web.
GNAQ
GNAQ (G protein subunit alpha q), human gene at 9q21.2 encoding the Gq alpha subunit coupling GPCRs to phospholipase C-beta. Somatic R183Q mutations cause Sturge-Weber syndrome; Q209/R183 hotspot mutations drive uveal melanoma.
GNAS
GNAS (GNAS complex locus, 20q13.32) encodes Gsα, the stimulatory G-protein alpha subunit coupling receptors to cAMP. A complex imprinted gene; maternal inactivating mutations cause pseudohypoparathyroidism Ia/Ic, paternal ones PPHP and POH, methylation defects PHP-Ib, and somatic activating mutations McCune-Albright syndrome.