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Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis, also called endogenous glucose production, is de novo glucose synthesis from lactate, glycerol, pyruvate, propionate, and amino acids via pyruvate carboxylase, PEPCK, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase, mainly in liver and kidney cortex, distinct from glycogenolysis.
Gluconobacter
Gluconobacter, type species G. oxydans, a genus of Gram-negative aerobic acetic acid bacteria that incompletely oxidizes sugars via periplasmic membrane-bound dehydrogenases, used industrially for vitamin C, gluconic acid, and dihydroxyacetone production.
Gluconobacter oxydans
Gluconobacter oxydans, type species of the genus Gluconobacter, is a Gram-negative strictly aerobic acetic acid bacterium performing oxidative fermentation via membrane-bound PQQ/FAD dehydrogenases; used industrially for vitamin C (sorbitol to L-sorbose), gluconic and ketogluconic acids, and dihydroxyacetone.
Glucosamine
Glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose) is an amino sugar from chitin, a cartilage building block sold as sulfate or hydrochloride supplements for osteoarthritis, with inconsistent clinical evidence and conflicting guidelines.
Glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase
Glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase, also called glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase or NagB, is a bacterial enzyme that converts D-glucosamine-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate, releasing ammonia and linking amino sugar metabolism to glycolysis.
Glucose
Glucose (blood sugar, dextrose) is a six-carbon aldose monosaccharide, C6H12O6, the main energy source for cells, stored as glycogen, regulated by insulin and glucagon, and existing in water mainly as alpha and beta ring anomers.
Glucose clamp technique
The glucose clamp technique, or euglycemic clamp, is a method that holds blood glucose constant to measure insulin sensitivity, introduced by DeFronzo and colleagues in 1979.
Glucose metabolism
Glucose metabolism (glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, Reactome R-HSA-70326) covers glucose uptake to glucose 6-phosphate, glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and liver/kidney gluconeogenesis, regulated by insulin and glucagon.
Glucose oxidase
Glucose oxidase (GOx) is an enzyme that oxidizes glucose to gluconolactone and hydrogen peroxide. Produced mainly from Aspergillus niger, it is used in food preservation, baking, and glucose biosensors.
Glucose syrup
Glucose syrup, also called corn syrup when made from cornstarch, is a purified concentrated aqueous solution of dextrose, maltose, and dextrins from partial starch hydrolysis, graded by dextrose equivalent and used to sweeten and prevent sugar crystallization.
Glucose test
Glucose test: measurement of glucose in blood or urine to screen for, diagnose, and monitor diabetes. Includes FPG, OGTT, A1C, random glucose, and gestational screening at 24–28 weeks with defined thresholds.
Glucose testing
Glucose testing is the clinical measurement of glucose concentration in blood or other body fluids, used to screen for, diagnose, and monitor diabetes and other disorders of glucose metabolism.
Glucose tolerance test
Glucose tolerance test (OGTT): diagnostic test measuring blood glucose before and after a 75-g glucose drink; 2-h values of 140–199 mg/dL indicate prediabetes, ≥200 mg/dL diabetes; also used for gestational diabetes screening.
Glucose transporter
Glucose transporters (GLUT/SLC2, SGLT/SLC5, SWEET/SLC50) are membrane proteins moving glucose into cells. Key facts: 14 GLUT isoforms, SGLT2 reabsorbs ~90% of filtered glucose, GLUT4 is insulin-responsive, SGLT2 inhibitors treat diabetes.
Glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase, short form
Glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase, short form (IPR005907, RmlA/RfbA/RffH) is a bacterial homotetrameric EC 2.7.7.24 enzyme, first of four steps in dTDP-L-rhamnose cell wall biosynthesis, feedback-inhibited by dTDP-L-rhamnose and absent from humans.
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase, EC 3.1.3.9; subunits G6PC1, G6PC2, G6PC3) is an ER enzyme complex hydrolyzing glucose-6-phosphate to glucose and phosphate, the final step of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; defects cause glycogen storage disease type I.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD, EC 1.1.1.49), first and rate-limiting enzyme of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway producing NADPH; X-linked; deficiency affects over 400 million people and risks hemolysis with primaquine, fava beans, and oxidizing drugs.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD deficiency, G6PDD) is an X-linked genetic enzyme disorder affecting about 400 million people, causing hemolytic anemia triggered by infections, fava beans, and drugs such as primaquine, and linked to malaria-endemic regions.
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI, phosphoglucose isomerase), enzyme catalyzing glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in glycolysis; GPI gene 19q13.1; autosomal recessive GPI deficiency causes chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, ~100 cases reported.
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic receptor
GPR119, the glucose-dependent insulinotropic receptor, is a lipid-sensing class A GPCR in pancreatic beta cells and gut L cells; activated by OEA and related lipids, it amplifies insulin and GLP-1/GIP secretion and is a type 2 diabetes drug target.
Glucose-galactose malabsorption
Glucose-galactose malabsorption (GGM, congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption, SGLT1 deficiency) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by SLC5A1 mutations, causing life-threatening neonatal watery diarrhea treated with a glucose-, galactose-, and lactose-free diet.
Glucose-responsive microneedle insulin patch
A glucose-responsive microneedle insulin patch, or smart insulin patch, is a transdermal device whose micron-scale needles release insulin at a rate that adjusts automatically to glucose concentration.
Glucosinolate
Glucosinolates (GSLs), also called mustard oil glucosides, are sulfur-rich anionic plant secondary metabolites of the Brassicales order, hydrolyzed by myrosinase into isothiocyanates, thiocyanates, and nitriles for defense and human health effects.
Glucosylated steviol glycosides
Glucosylated steviol glycosides, also called enzyme-modified steviol glycosides, are stevia-derived sweeteners with 1–20 added glucose units made via CGTase from starch; about 120–150 times sweeter than sucrose, GRAS-notified in the US and EFSA-assessed.
Glucosyltransferase
Glucosyltransferase: glucose-transferring glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.5) building glucans from donors like UDP-glucose and sucrose; a B. subtilis/S. salivarius version is FDA GRAS (GRN 1210, 2025).
Glucuronic acid
Glucuronic acid: C6-oxidized glucose sugar acid; as UDP-glucuronic acid it drives hepatic glucuronidation of bilirubin, hormones, and drugs via UGT enzymes (40-75% of xenobiotic elimination), and gut microbial beta-glucuronidases reverse the conjugation.
Glucuronidation
Glucuronidation: phase II metabolism in which UGT enzymes attach glucuronic acid from UDP-glucuronic acid to drugs and endobiotics like bilirubin, forming water-soluble glucuronides excreted via transporters; UGT1A1, UGT2B7, inhibition, induction, polymorphisms.
Glucuronoxylan synthase
Glucuronoxylan synthase is the Golgi-localized glycosyltransferase complex, built from IRX9, IRX10, and IRX14 proteins, that synthesizes the xylan backbone of glucuronoxylan in plant cell walls.
Glufosfamide
Glufosfamide (beta-D-glucosyl-isophosphoramide mustard, D19575) is an investigational glucose-conjugated alkylating prodrug of ifosfamide mustard, cleaved by intracellular glucosidases; tested through phase III mainly in pancreatic cancer without approval.
GLUG
GLUG (Pfam PF07581, InterPro IPR011493) is a conserved bacterial protein domain named for its G-L-any-G motif, found in IgA1 (M26) peptidases and haemagglutinin-like surface proteins, distinct from the Drosophila Glug glucose transporter gene.