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Glossopalatine ankylosis
Glossopalatine ankylosis (Cosack syndrome, superior ankyloglossia) is a rare congenital OLHS disorder in which a fibrous band ties the tongue to the hard palate, with cleft palate, micrognathia, and limb defects; treated by surgical division.
Glossophaga
Glossophaga is a genus of Neotropical nectar-feeding leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae, Glossophaginae) with five recognized species, including Pallas's long-tongued bat G. soricina, known for hemodynamic erectile papillae on its lapping tongue.
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX, nervus glossopharyngeus): ninth cranial nerve from the medulla exiting via the jugular foramen; supplies stylopharyngeus, parotid gland, posterior third of tongue taste, carotid sinus and body; linked to glossopharyngeal neuralgia.
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN, Weisenberg syndrome) is a rare cranial neuralgia causing brief, severe unilateral pain in the tongue, throat, ear, and tonsils, usually over age 50, treated with carbamazepine or microvascular decompression.
Glossophobia
Glossophobia, or speech anxiety, is the fear of public speaking, from Greek glossa (tongue) and phobo (fear). Affects 21–33% of community samples, usually begins in adolescence, and is treated with exposure-based CBT, beta-blockers, or VR exposure therapy.
Glossopleura
Glossopleura Poulsen 1927 is an extinct dolichometopid trilobite genus (Corynexochida) from the middle Cambrian of North and South America; type species G. boccar, over 50 mostly synonymous species, gives its name to the Glossopleura Zone.
Glossopteris
Glossopteris, an extinct Permian seed-fern genus of Gondwana with reticulate-veined strap leaves, heavy seeds, and coal-swamp habitat; key fossil evidence for continental drift, extinct by the Triassic.
Glossosomatidae
Glossosomatidae, the saddle-case maker caddisflies (Trichoptera, superfamily Glossosomatoidea), is a family established by Wallengren in 1891 with type genus Glossosoma; larvae build tortoise-shell stone cases and graze periphyton in streams.
Glowworm
Glowworm, also glow-worm: the glowing wingless larviform female of lampyrid or phengodid beetles such as Lampyris noctiluca, or the bioluminescent larva of Arachnocampa fungus gnats; beetles glow to attract mates, gnats to lure prey.
Gloydius
Gloydius (mamushis, Asian moccasins) is a genus of about 31 venomous Asian pitvipers (Viperidae, Crotalinae), named by Hoge & Romano Hoge 1981, ranging from Iran and the Himalaya to Japan and Korea.
GLP-1-CAN trial
GLP-1-CAN (NCT07558863) is a Phase 4 randomized open-label trial at Nanjing Medical University testing semaglutide or PEG loxenatide versus standard care in 60 adults with type 2 diabetes, with heart rate variability as primary outcome.
GLS
GLS, also known as GLS1, is a human gene on chromosome 2 encoding the mitochondrial enzyme glutaminase, which converts glutamine to glutamate and supports metabolism in the brain and kidney.
Glucagon
Glucagon: 29-amino-acid pancreatic α-cell peptide hormone raising blood glucose via hepatic GCGR glycogenolysis; rescue drug for severe hypoglycemia (1 mg injectable, 3 mg nasal, dasiglucagon) and target of GLP-1 co-agonists like survodutide.
Glucagon-like peptide-1
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin gut hormone from intestinal L-cells that boosts insulin, suppresses glucagon, slows gastric emptying, and curbs appetite; DPP4 gives it a 1–2 minute half-life, spawning agonist drugs like exenatide, liraglutide, and semaglutide.
Glucagonoma
Glucagonoma is a rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor of the alpha cells that overproduces glucagon, causing necrolytic migratory erythema, diabetes, weight loss, and anemia; surgery is the only cure.
Glucan biosynthesis protein C
Glucan biosynthesis protein C (MdoC/OpgC, gene opgC, b1047) is the membrane-bound succinyltransferase of E. coli that succinylates osmoregulated periplasmic glucans, giving them their anionic character.
Glucan exporter ATP-binding protein, NdvA
NdvA, the beta-(1→2)glucan export ATP-binding/permease protein of Sinorhizobium meliloti, is a 616-aa ABC exporter that moves cyclic beta-1,2-glucan to the periplasm and is required for effective alfalfa nodulation; its homolog ChvA serves the same role in Agrobacterium virulence.
Glucan fiber
Glucan fiber: glucose polymers (beta-glucans, resistant glucan, GRN 711) used as dietary fiber and low-calorie bulking agents; FDA no-questions letter 2017; cereal, yeast, and fungal sources.
Glucarpidase
Glucarpidase (Voraxaze, carboxypeptidase G2, Megludase in Japan) is a recombinant bacterial enzyme antidote that rapidly hydrolyzes methotrexate into inactive metabolites, treating toxic methotrexate levels in patients with delayed clearance from kidney dysfunction; FDA approved 2012, EU 2022.
Glucitol operon activator
The glucitol operon activator, usually called GutM, is a small transcriptional activator protein in Escherichia coli that positively regulates the gut operon, the gene cluster that transports and metabolizes the sugar glucitol.
Glucoamylase
Glucoamylase (amyloglucosidase, γ-amylase, EC 3.2.1.3) is an exo-acting GH15 inverting enzyme releasing β-glucose from starch α-1,4 and α-1,6 bonds, used industrially for saccharification to glucose syrups and ethanol.
Glucocorticoid
Glucocorticoids are adrenal steroid hormones, chiefly cortisol, and synthetic drugs like prednisone and dexamethasone that act via the glucocorticoid receptor; cortisone's 1948 rheumatoid arthritis trial won Kendall, Hench, and Reichstein the 1950 Nobel Prize.
Glucocorticoid receptor
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR, NR3C1), a ligand-activated nuclear receptor for cortisol; three-domain structure, multiple splice isoforms, regulates up to 20% of the genome via GREs, nGREs, and NF-κB/AP-1 transrepression; target of selective modulators.
Glucocorticoid therapy
Glucocorticoid therapy is treatment with synthetic analogs of cortisol, used to suppress inflammation and immune activity in inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic diseases or to replace cortisol in adrenal insufficiency.
Glucocorticoid-induced hypertension
Glucocorticoid-induced hypertension is blood pressure elevation caused by excess glucocorticoid hormones, from corticosteroid therapy or cortisol overproduction in Cushing's syndrome, affecting up to 85% of Cushing patients.
Glucokinase
Glucokinase (GCK, hexokinase IV) is a monomeric 52 kDa enzyme phosphorylating glucose, serving as the glucose sensor in pancreatic beta cells and liver, with sigmoidal kinetics (Hill ~1.7), GCKR regulation, GCK-MODY, and the activator drug dorzagliatin.
Glucolight trial
Glucolight (Babyglucolight, NCT04347590) is a Padua randomized trial testing continuous glucose monitoring with a PID algorithm against blinded CGM in preterm infants ≤32 weeks, measuring hemodynamically significant hypoglycemia via diffuse optical tomography.
Glucomannan
Glucomannan (konjac glucomannan, KGM, E425) is a highly viscous soluble fiber from Amorphophallus konjac, used for cholesterol, weight, and constipation; requires water to avoid obstruction.
Gluconacetobacter xylinus
Gluconacetobacter xylinus, now Komagataeibacter xylinus (formerly Acetobacter xylinum), is an aerobic acetic acid bacterium, described by Brown in 1886, that forms a pure cellulose pellicle; it is the model organism for bacterial cellulose but easily loses producibility via Cel− mutants.
Gluconate transporter
Gluconate transporter: bacterial membrane proteins, chiefly the GntP family (TC 2.A.8) gluconate:H+ symporters including E. coli GntT, GntU, GntP, and IdnT, with Km values of 6 to 212 μM; GntP is actually the fructuronate transporter.