Life and health

Gliosis

Gliosis (astrogliosis, astrocytosis, glial scar): reactive proliferation and hypertrophy of neuroglia, mainly astrocytes, after CNS injury, stroke, infection, epilepsy, or neurodegenerative disease, marked by GFAP upregulation.

Gliotoxin

Gliotoxin (GT) is a sulfur-containing fungal secondary metabolite of the epidithiodiketopiperazine class, first isolated in 1936 and the best-studied mycotoxin of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus.

Oct 15, 2026

Glipizide

Glipizide, sold under the brand name Glucotrol, is an oral blood-glucose-lowering sulfonylurea drug used to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes, approved in the United States in 1984.

Gliricidia

Gliricidia (quickstick, madre de cacao) is a Fabaceae genus of five species native from Mexico to Peru; G. sepium is a nitrogen-fixing agroforestry tree used as green manure, fodder, and living fence across the tropics.

Gliricidia sepium

Gliricidia sepium (quickstick, madre de cacao) is a Fabaceae tree native from Mexico to Colombia, planted pantropically for fodder, green manure, shade, living fences, and fuelwood; toxic to rodents, IUCN least concern.

Glis

Glis is a genus of dormice (family Gliridae) containing the fat or edible dormouse, the largest living dormouse, known for hibernating up to 7 months.

GLMLEVEL study

GLMLEVEL (GO-LEVEL) study: phase 4, open-label golimumab exposure-response study in 102 ulcerative colitis patients; defined trough-level targets of 3.8 μg/mL at induction and 2.4 μg/mL at maintenance for combined remission.

Global Assessment of Functioning

Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF): 1-100 clinician-rated Axis V scale of DSM-III-R/DSM-IV for psychological, social, and occupational functioning; removed from DSM-5 in 2013 in favor of WHODAS 2.0; known for reliability and validity problems.

Global Biodiversity Information Facility

GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) is a government-funded international network and data infrastructure, Secretariat in Copenhagen, established 2001, providing open access to over 3.58 billion Darwin Core-standardized species occurrence records with documented geographic and taxonomic bias.

Global Burden of Disease Study

Global Burden of Disease (GBD), also called GBD Study: an IHME-led research program quantifying deaths, disability, and risk factors via DALYs for 204 countries, 1990–2023, distinct from WHO Global Health Estimates.

Global developmental delay-alopecia-macrocephaly-facial dysmorphism-structural brain anomalies syndrome

Global developmental delay-alopecia-macrocephaly-facial dysmorphism-structural brain anomalies syndrome, also called Bachmann-Bupp syndrome or ODC1-related neurodevelopmental disorder, is an ultra-rare autosomal dominant polyaminopathy caused by gain-of-function ODC1 variants, marked by postnatal alopecia, hypotonia, macrocephaly, and treatable with eflornithine (DFMO).

Global developmental delay-facial dysmorphism-hands and feet anomalies syndrome

Global developmental delay-facial dysmorphism-hands and feet anomalies syndrome, also called CUL3-related neurodevelopmental disorder or NEDAUS (MIM 619239), is a rare autosomal dominant condition caused by loss-of-function CUL3 variants, causing intellectual disability, autism or seizures in some, hypotonia, and distinctive facial features.

Global developmental delay-lung cysts-overgrowth-Wilms tumor syndrome

GLOW syndrome (global developmental delay-lung cysts-overgrowth-Wilms tumor syndrome; OMIM 618272) is a rare mosaic DICER1 RNase IIIb overgrowth syndrome with lung cysts, nephromegaly, bilateral Wilms tumor, and dysmorphism.

Global developmental delay-recurrent infections-facial dysmorphism syndrome

Global developmental delay-recurrent infections-facial dysmorphism syndrome, also called Chopra-Amiel-Gordon syndrome (OMIM 619504), is a rare autosomal dominant ANKRD17 haploinsufficiency disorder with speech delay, intellectual disability, recurrent bacterial infections, and subtle facial dysmorphism.

Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases

The Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs) is a joint FAO and WOAH initiative, established in 2004 to prevent and control transboundary animal diseases.

Global Health

Global health is a multidisciplinary field of study, research, and practice that aims to improve health and achieve health equity worldwide, emerging as a distinct field in the late 1990s.

Global heart

Global Heart: peer-reviewed open-access journal of the World Heart Federation, formerly CVD Prevention and Control, publishing cardiovascular prevention research focused on low- and middle-income countries; published by Ubiquity Press since 2020, ISSNs 2211-8160 and 2211-8179.

Global Longitudinal Strain

Global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a speckle-tracking echocardiographic measure of left ventricular deformation, negative by convention, normal below −18%; it predicts cardiac outcomes better than ejection fraction.

Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis

Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF), WHO programme launched in 2000 after WHA 50.29; uses annual mass drug administration and morbidity care; 10.3 billion treatments delivered, 23 countries validated, 361 million still requiring MDA in 2025.

Global public health

Global public health: field studying health problems shaped by globalization, inequality, and migration; emerged as 'global health' replaced 'international health'; served by journals Global Public Health (2006) and PLOS Global Public Health (2021).

Global spread of chytrid fungi

The global spread of chytrid fungi is the worldwide dissemination of the amphibian pathogens Bd and Bsal, now detected in 86 countries and driven by commercial trade.

Global spread of H5N1

Global spread of H5N1: worldwide dissemination of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (Gs/Gd lineage, clade 2.3.4.4b since 2020), a panzootic in wild birds and poultry across 76+ countries and Antarctica, with mammalian spillovers including US dairy cattle and rare human cases.

Global spread of H5N1 in 2005

Global spread of H5N1 in 2005: westward expansion of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 from southeast Asia to Qinghai Lake, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Tibet, Turkey, and Romania, with rising human cases and pandemic preparedness efforts.

Global Virus Network

Global Virus Network (GVN), founded 2011 by Robert Gallo, William Hall, and Reinhard Kurth, is an independent non-profit coalition of 100+ virology Centers of Excellence and Affiliates in 40+ countries for pandemic preparedness, distinct from WHO's GOARN.

Globicephala macrorhynchus

Globicephala macrorhynchus, the short-finned pilot whale, a large social oceanic dolphin of tropical and warm-temperate oceans; deep squid-diving, female-based groups, menopause, Naisa and Shiho types.

Globicephala melas

Globicephala melas, the long-finned pilot whale (also Globicephala melaena, calderón negro, grindahvalur), is a large oceanic delphinid of the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean, known for long sickle-shaped flippers, matrilineal pods, mass strandings, and Faroese drive hunts.

Globodera ellingtonae

Globodera ellingtonae is a cyst nematode described in 2012 from Oregon and Idaho potato fields, also found in Argentina and Chile; a close relative of G. rostochiensis that reproduces on potato but is not a strong pathogen and not a quarantine pest.

Globodera pallida

Globodera pallida, pale or white potato cyst nematode (Heterodera pallida), a quarantined Andean-origin sedentary endoparasitic nematode of Solanaceae, mainly potato, in 55 countries, causing up to 80% crop loss.

Globodera rostochiensis

Globodera rostochiensis, the golden or yellow potato cyst nematode (Heterodera rostochiensis), is an Andean-origin quarantine roundworm pest of potato, present in 76 countries, forming cysts with 200-500 eggs viable for decades.